{"id":3436,"date":"2007-10-14T15:38:00","date_gmt":"2007-10-14T06:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/?p=3436"},"modified":"2021-08-12T11:54:39","modified_gmt":"2021-08-12T02:54:39","slug":"needhams-math-and-sci-in-china-and-the-west-%eb%b2%88%ec%97%ad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/2007\/10\/14\/needhams-math-and-sci-in-china-and-the-west-%eb%b2%88%ec%97%ad\/","title":{"rendered":"Needham&#8217;s Math and Sci in China and the West \ubc88\uc5ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul class=\"org-ul\">\n<li>\ubc88\uc5ed\ud558\ub2e4\uac00 \uc911\uad6d\uc5b4 \uc74c\ub9cc \uc801\ud600\uc788\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0 \uac19\uc774 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc774 \ud798\ub4e0 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uc790\uc2e0\uc774 \ubc88\uc5ed\ud574 \uc62c\ub9b4 \uc7a5\uc18c\uc5d0 Q: \ub97c \uc4f0\uace0 \ubb38\uc758\ud558\uc138\uc694.<\/li>\n<li>\ub450 \uad04\ud638 (( )) \uc548\uc758 \ubb38\uc7a5\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc758 \uc6d0\ub798 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uace0\uce58\uace0 \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \ub9ce\uc740 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uad04\ud638 \uc548\uc5d0 \ub0a8\uaca8 \ub450\uc5c8\uc5b4\uc694. \ube44\uad50\ud574 \ubcf4\uc138\uc694.<\/li>\n<li>\uc219\uc81c\uac00 \ub300\ucda9 \ub9c8\uccd0\uc9c0\uace0 \ud55c\ubc88 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc744 \uac80\ud1a0\ud558\uace0 \ub098\uba74 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uc62e\uaca8 \uc77d\uae30 \uc27d\uac8c \ud560\uaed8\uc694.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> &#8221;&#8217;\uc911\uad6d\uacfc \uc11c\uc591\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uacfc\ud559&#8221;&#8217; <\/p>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgf694a5b\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orgf694a5b\">1<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orgf694a5b\">\n<p> (.\/) \ube44\ub85d \uc55e\uc758 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\ub4e4\uc774 \uc7a5 \uc218\uac00 \ub9ce\uc558\ub358 \uac83\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcfc \ub54c, \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\uc544 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc804\uccb4\ub97c \ubcf4\uc870\ud558\ub294 \ub9cc\ud07c \uc790\uae30 \uc790\uc2e0\ub9cc\uc758 \ubd84\uc57c\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \uc0dd\uac01\ud574 \ubcf4\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc758 \ud3c9\uac00\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacb0\ub860\uc740 \ud604\uc7ac \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \uacc4\ud68d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \ucd08\uc810\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uc220\ub420 \uac83\uc778\uc9c0\ub97c \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc5d0\uac8c \uc54c\ub824\uc900\ub2e4. \uace0\ub300\uc640 \uc911\uc138\uc758 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uacfc\ud559\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \uba85\ud655\ud788 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uac00? \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uacb0\ud569\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\ub418\uace0 \uc138\uc0c1\uc744 \ubc14\uafb8\ub3c4\ub85d \uc6b4\uba85\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc84c\uc744 \ub54c \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubb34\uc2a8 \uc77c\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uc5c8\ub294\uac00? \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc65c \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc5b4\ub290 \uacf3\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub294\uac00? \uc774\uc81c \uc774\ub7f0 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc774 \ub098\uc624\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uccab\ubc88\uc9f8 \ud574\uc57c\ud560 \uc77c\uc740 \ubc14\ub77c\ubcf4\ub294 \uc2dc\uac01\uc744 \ubc14\ub974\uac8c \uac16\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc774\uc804 \uc18c\uc218\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8 \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0 \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \uadf8 \uc5c5\uc801\uc758 \uc591\uacfc \ud798\uc5d0\uc11c \uc804\ud600 \ube44\uad50\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c, \uace0\ub300 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uacf5\ud5cc\uc744 \ud604\ub300 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \ucc99\ub3c4\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc7ac\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc790\uc2e0\uc744 \uc2dc\uc791 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub97c \uac70\uce5c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc704\uce58\uc5d0 \ub450\uace0 \uadf8\uac83\uc774 &#8221;&#8217;\uadf8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c&#8221;&#8217; \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6e0\ub294\uac00\ub97c \uc54c\ub824\uace0 \ub178\ub825\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ub178\ub825\uacfc \uc9c0\uc801\uc778 \ube44\ud310\uc73c\ub85c \uc7ac\uc5b4\ubcf4\uba74, &#8221;\uad6c\uc7a5\uc0b0\uc220&#8221;\uc758 \uc800\uc790\ub098 &#8221;\ucc9c\uc6d0\uc220&#8221; \ub300\uc218 \ucc3d\uc2dc\uc790\uac00 \uc774\ub8e9\ud55c \uc77c\uc774 19\uc138\uae30 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc218\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\ub97c \uc5f0 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5c5\uc801\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub35c \ud798\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0\ub294 \ub204\uad6c\ub3c4 \ub9d0\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> ((\ube44\ub85d \uc55e\uc120 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\ub4e4\uc774 \uc6b4\uc728\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub9ce\uc740 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uacfc \ub3d9\ub4f1\ud55c \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4 \uadf8 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \ubd84\uc57c\ub97c \ud56d\uc0c1 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ubc18\ub4dc\uc2dc \uc219\uace0\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc758 \ud3c9\uac00\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacb0\ub860\uc740 \ud604\uc7ac \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \uacc4\ud68d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \ucd08\uc810\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uc220\ub420 \uac83\uc778\uc9c0\ub97c \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc5d0\uac8c \uc54c\ub824\uc900\ub2e4. \uace0\ub300\uc640 \uc911\uc138\uc758 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc218\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uba85\ud655\ud788 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774\uc5c8\ub294\uac00? \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uacb0\ud569\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\ub410\uc744\ub54c \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubb34\uc2a8 \uc77c\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uace0 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \uc138\uc0c1\uc744 \ubc14\uafb8\ub3c4\ub85d \uc6b4\uba85\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc84c\ub294\uac00? \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc65c \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \uc5b4\ub290 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub294\uac00? \uc774\ub7f0 \uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uc694\uc998 \uac70\ub860\ub418\ub294 \uba87\uba87 \uc9c8\ubb38\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uccab\ubc88\uc9f8 \ud574\uc57c\ud560 \uc77c\uc740 \ubc14\ub77c\ubcf4\ub294 \uc2dc\uac01\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ud568\uc744 \uac16\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc774\uc804 \uc18c\uc218\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8 \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc790\ub9ac\ud55c \ubd80\uc640 \ud798\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc5c5\uc801\uacfc \uc804\ud600 \ube44\uad50\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c, \uace0\ub300 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \ub17c\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \ud604\ub300 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \ucc99\ub3c4\ub97c \uc81c\uc7ac\ub85c \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc801\uc808\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc790\uc2e0\uc744 \uac00\uc7a5 \ucd08\uae30 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub97c \uac70\uce5c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc704\uce58\uc5d0 \ub450\uace0 \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \uadf8\ub4e4(\ucd08\uae30\ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4)\uc5d0\uac8c \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6e0\ub294\uac00\ub97c \uc54c\ub3c4\ub85d \ub178\ub825\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc778\uac04 \ub178\ub3d9\uacfc \uc9c0\uc801\uc778 \ube44\ud310\uc5d0 \uad00\ud558\uc5ec \uc7ac\uc5b4\ubcf4\uba74, \ub204\uad6c\ub3c4 19\uc138\uae30 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc218\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\ub97c \uc5f0 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\ubcf4\ub2e4 &#8221;\uc9c4\uacbd\uc0b0\uc218&#8221;\uc758 \uc800\uc790\ub098 &#8221;Thien Yuan&#8221; \ub300\uc218\ud559 \ucc3d\uc2dc\uc790\uc758 \uc5c5\uc801\uc774 \ub35c \ud798\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.)) &#8211; good <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orga71470f\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orga71470f\">2<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orga71470f\">\n<p> (.\/) \ube44\uad50\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc720\uc77c\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uace0\ub300 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uadf8 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \ubc14\ube4c\ub85c\ub2c8\uc544\ub098 \uc774\uc9d1\ud2b8, \uc778\ub3c4, \uc544\ub78d\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc774\ub2e4. \ud604\uc7ac \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \uae30\uc220\ub41c \uc124\uba85\uc774 \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc774 \ub610\ud55c \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \uad6c\uc138\uacc4 \uc911\uc138\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uacfc \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uacac\uc904\ub9cc \ud558\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc99d\uba85\ud574\uc900\ub2e4.  C1: \ud604\uc7ac \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 -&gt; \uc774 \uc808\uc5d0(?)   C2: \ud604\uc7ac \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 -&gt; \ud604\uc7ac \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\ub294 \uc790\ub8cc\ub97c \ub73b\ud558\ub294 \uac83 \uac19\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4 <\/p>\n<p> \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc9c0\ub294 \ub354 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \ud2b9\uc9d5\ub9cc \ubcf4\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc758\uc2ec\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0 \uc5c6\uc774 \ub192\uc740 \uc218\uc900\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.  C: -&gt; \uc720\ud074\ub9ac\ub4dc\uc5d0\uac8c\uc11c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc9c0\ub294 \ub354 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \ud2b9\uc9d5\ub9cc \ubcf8\ub2e4\uba74, \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc758\uc2ec\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0 \uc5c6\uc774 \ub192\uc740 \uc218\uc900\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc544\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \uc911\uad6d\uc774 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \ubd84\uc57c(\ub354 \uc815\ud655\ud788\ub294, \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \ubc14\ube4c\ub85c\ub2c8\uc544\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc744 \ud1a0\ub300\ub85c\ud55c)\uc989, \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc124\ub4dd\ub825\uc774 \ubd80\uc871\ud558\uace0(-&gt;\uc11c\ud22c\ub974\uace0) \ubc1c\uc804\uc774 \ub354\ub3a0\ub2e4. &#8216;\ub354 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \ud2b9\uc9d5 \ub9cc&#8217; &#8211; \uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uadf8\ub4e4 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\uc758 \ub9d0\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\uc758 \uc0ac\uace0\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.  C1: &#8216;\ub354 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \ud2b9\uc9d5 \ub9cc&#8217; &#8211; \uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uadf8\ub4e4 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\uc758 \ub9d0(\ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc778)\uc740 \uae30\uad6c(machine=\uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 machine)\uc758 \uc5f4\uc1e0(\uc8fc\uc694 \uc694\uc18c)\uc774\ub2e4.   C2: \uc774 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uc870\uae08 \ubb38\ud559\uc801\uc778 \ud45c\ud604 \uac19\uc740\ub370&#x2026; \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uadf8\ub4e4 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\uc758 \ub9d0\uc740 \uae30\uad6c(machine=\uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 machine)\uc73c\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\ub294 \uc5f4\uc1e0\uc774\ub2e4.  \ucbe4\uc73c\ub85c \ubc88\uc5ed\ud558\uba74 \uc5b4\ub5a8\uc9c0&#x2026;-\uae40\uc601\uc6b1 .    C3: (\uad50\uc218\ub2d8 \ub9d0\uc500\uc744 \ucc38\uace0\ud574\uc11c \uc0dd\uac01\ud574 \ubd24\ub294\ub370 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc131\uacfc \uccb4\uacc4\uc131\uc774 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uae30\ubcf8 \ud1a0\ub300\ub77c\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\uc778 \uac83 \uac19\uc544\uc694; \uace0\ub9d9\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4^^) <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4, \uccb4\uacc4\uc131\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \uc758\uc2ec\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc131\uc740 \uc804\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub4dd \ubfd0\uc774\uc5c8\uc744\uae4c? \uacfc\ud559\uc0ac\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uc218\ud559\uc774 \uc774\ub860\uc801, \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801, \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uac83\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uc9c0\ub098\uce58\uac8c \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801, \ucd94\ub860\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc5d0 \uce58\uc6b0\uce5c \uac83\uc774 \uc804\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc775\uc774\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc758\ubb38\uc744 \ud488\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. Whitehead\uc758 \ub9d0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 : <\/p>\n<ul class=\"org-ul\">\n<li>very good \uae40\uc601\uc6b1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orga847012\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orga847012\">3<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orga847012\">\n<p> (.\/) <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uae30\ucd08\uc801\uc778 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\uace0 \uac70\uae30\uc5d0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ub35b\ubd99\uc600\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ucc29\uac01\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ubc18\ub300\uac00 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc5d0 \ub354 \uac00\uae5d\ub2e4: \uc989, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uace0\uae09\uc2a4\ub7ec\uc6b4 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0 \uacb0\ucf54 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uae30\ucd08\uc801\uc778 \uac83\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4&#x2026; Weirerstrass\uc758 \ub9ac\ubbf8\ud2b8 \uc774\ub860\uacfc Cantor\uc758 \uc810\uc9d1\ud569\uc774\ub860\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc2dd \uc0ac\uace0 \ubc29\uc2dd\uacfc \ub354 \uacb0\ubd80\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc9c0, \ud604\ub300\uc801 \uc0b0\uc218\ub098 \uc591\uc218 \uc74c\uc218\uc758 \uc774\ub860, \ud568\uc218\uad00\uacc4\uc758 \uadf8\ub798\ud504 \ud45c\ud604\uc774\ub098 \ub300\uc218\uc801 \ubcc0\uc218 \uac19\uc740 \ud604\ub300\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0 \ubc29\uc2dd\uacfc \ub354 \ubc00\uc811\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uae30\ucd08\uc801\uc778 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \ud604\ub300\uc0ac\uc0c1\uc758 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc801\uc778 \ucc3d\uc870\ubb3c \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc774\ub2e4: \ud2b9\ud788 \uc774\ub860\uacfc \uc2e4\uc81c\ub97c \uc0c1\ud638 \ubc00\uc811\ud558\uac8c \uc5f0\uacb0\uc9d3\ub294 \ud798\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub098\uc624\ub294 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ubc14\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc740, \uace0\ub300\uc640 \uc911\uc138 \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc774 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ub2e4\ub8e8\ub294 \uc218\ubc95 (\uac00\uc7a5 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud558\uace0 \uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc774\uc5b4\uc11c \ub354 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uc218\ubc95)\uc758 \uae30\ucd08\ub97c \ub193\ub294\ub370 \uc5b4\ub514\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub294\uac00\ub97c \uc55e\uc758 \uc808\ub4e4\uc774 \uc798 \uc124\uba85\ud588\uc73c\uba74 \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc21c\uc218 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc601\uc5ed\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc544\uac00\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc911\uad6d\uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc544\ubb34 \uac83\ub3c4 \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> ((\uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ucc29\uac01\uc774\ub2e4, \ub2e8\uc9c0 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4 \uc9c4\ubcf4\ub41c \ubd80\ubd84\ub4e4\uc744 \ucca8\uac00\uc2dc\ucf1c \uc628 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ubc18\ub300\uac00 \uc774 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uac00\uae5d\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc218\ud559 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc758 \uc9c4\ubcf4\ub41c \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0 \uacb0\ucf54 \uadf8 \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4. Weirerstrass\uc758 \ub9ac\ubbf8\ud2b8 \uc774\ub860\uacfc Cantor\uc758 \uc9d1\ud569\ub860\uc740 \ud604\ub300\uc218\ud559, \ud604\ub300\uc815\uc218\uc774\ub860, \ud568\uc218\uad00\uacc4\uc758 \ub3c4\ud45c \ud45c\ud604 \ub610\ub294 \ub300\uc218\uc758 \ubcc0\uc774\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ud604\ub300\uc758 \uc0ac\uace0 \ubc29\uc2dd \ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uc0ac\uace0 \ubc29\uc2dd\uacfc \ub354 \uacb0\ubd80\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub294 \ud604\ub300\uc0ac\uace0\uc758 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc801\uc778 \ucc3d\uc870 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc774\uba70, \uc774\ub860\uacfc \uc2e4\uc2b5\uc744 \uc0c1\ud638 \ubc00\uc811\ud558\uac8c \uc5f0\uacb0\uc9d3\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc758 \ud798\uc774 \ud604\ub300\uc0ac\uace0\uc758 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uace0\ub300\uc640 \uc911\uc138 \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uac70\ub9ac\ub294 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uae30\ucd08\ub97c \ud655\ub9bd\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ub354 \ud798\ub4e4\uac8c \ud558\uc600\ub2e4, \uc65c\ub0d0\ud558\uba74 \uac00\uc7a5 \uac04\ub2e8\ud558\uace0 \uae30\ucd08\uc801 \uae30\ubc95\uc778 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc9d1\ud569\uc744 \ub2e4\ub8e8\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ubc14\ub77c\ub4ef \uc774\uc804 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc601\uc5ed\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uba85\ud655\uc2dc \ub418\uc5b4\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc2b5\uc5d0\uc11c \uc21c\uc218 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc601\uc5ed\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc544\uac00\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc911\uad6d\uc218\ud559\uc740 \uac1c\uc785\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. )) <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org3d0224d\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org3d0224d\">4<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org3d0224d\">\n<p> (.\/) \uadf8\ub7ec\uba74, \uadf8 Section(p.1) \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc5b8\uae09\ub418\uc5b4\uc84c\ub358 \uc800\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc758\ubb38\uc810\uacfc \ubd88\ud655\uc2e4\ud55c \uc810\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub2f5 \uba87 \uac1c\uac00 \uc5ec\uae30\uc788\ub2e4. \uc880 \ub354 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \ud3c9\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub354 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc62c\ubc14\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294, \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud55c \uacb0\uc810\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\ub2e4. \u4e09\u4e0aMikami\ub294 \uace0\ub300 \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ud070 \uacb0\ud568\uc740 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc99d\uba85\uc0ac\uace0\uc758 \ubd80\uc7ac\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud588\uace0, \uc774\uac83\uc744 (\ucd5c\uadfc\uc758 \u5085\u65af\u5e74Fu Ssu-Nien\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ud604\ub300 \uc911\uad6d \ud559\uc790\ub4e4 \ucc98\ub7fc) \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0 \uc2e4\ud328\ud55c \ud615\uc2dd\uc801 \ub17c\ub9ac \ubc0f \uc911\uad6d\uc744 \uc9c0\ubc30\ud55c \uad00\ub150\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc720\uae30\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\uace0\uc5d0 \uc11c\ub85c \uc5f0\uad00\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. Cajori\ub294 \uadf8\uac00 \uc9c0\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uae30\ud638\uc0ac(\u6578\u5b78\u8a18\u865f\u53f2)\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc9c\uc6d0\uc220\u5929\u5143\u8853 \ub300\uc218\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \ud3c9\ud558\uba74\uc11c, \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uacfc \uadf9\ub3c4\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\uc131\uc5d0 \ub180\ub790\ub2e4\uace0 \ud588\ub2e4. \ucd08\uae30\uc758 \ud3ed\ubc1c\uc801 \uc9c4\ubcf4 \ud6c4\uc5d0, \u5b8b\uc758 \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc9c4\ubcf4\ub294 \ube60\ub974\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc774\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 +13\uc138\uae30 \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc815\uccb4\uc5d0 \ube60\uc9c4 \uac83\uc740 \uc735\ud1b5\uc131 \uc5c6\uace0 \uc81c\ud55c\ub41c \ud45c\uc2dc\ubc95 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud588\ub2e4. \ube44\ub85d \uc5ec\ub7ec \uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc (\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uba74, 10\uc9c4\ubc95\uacfc &#8220;\uacf5\ubc31&#8221;\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 0\uc758 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ube60\ub978 \uc778\uc2dd), \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2dd\uc744 \ud45c\ud604\ud558\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uae30\ud638\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\ub3c4 \ubc1c\uba85\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\uace0, \uc608\uc218\ud68c \uc2e0\ubd80\ub4e4\uc774Jesuits \uc218\ud559\uc744 \uc804\ud560 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \ub9d0\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.  ((\uc218\ud559\uc801 \ud45c\uc2dc\ubc95\uc758 \uc720\ub798,Thien Yuan \ub300\uc218\ud559\ub17c\ubb38 \uc5d0\uc11c \ud3c9\uac00\ud558\ub294 Cajori\ub294 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ub300\uce6d\uacfc \uadf9\ub3c4\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc9c4\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud55c\ub2e4. \ud65c\ubc18\ud55c \uc9c4\ubcf4 \ucd94\uae30 \ud6c4\uc5d0, the Sung(\uc1a1\ub098\ub77c) \ub300\uc218\ud559 \ub17c\ubb38\uc758 \ud559\uc220\uc740 \ube60\ub978 \uae68\ub2ec\uc74c\uacfc \ud655\ub300\ub41c \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \uae30\uc6d0\ud6c4 13\uc138\uae30 \ud6c4\uc5d0 \ud604\uc0c1\uc720\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub800\uace0, \uadf8\ub294 \uc735\ud1b5\uc131\uc774 \uc5c6\uace0 \uc81c\ud55c\ub41c \ud45c\uc2dc\ubc95\uc5d0 \uc6d0\uc778\uc744 \ub450\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uac8c\ub2e4\uac00, \ube44\ub85d \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ub9ce\uc740 \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uc81c\uc2dc\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc(\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 10\uc9c4\ubc95 \uc790\ub9ac\uac12\uacfc 0, &#8220;\uacf5\ubc31&#8221;\uc758 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ube60\ub978 \uc778\uc2dd)\uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uacb0\ucf54 \uacf5\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294 \uc0c1\uc9d5\uc801\uc778 \uc5b4\ub5a4\uac83\uc744 \uace0\uc548\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\uace0, Jesuits\uc758 \ucd9c\ud604\uc2dc\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0, \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uc9c4\uc220\ub4e4\uc740 \uc8fc\ub85c \ubb38\uc790\ub85c \uc4f0\uc5ec\uc84c\ub2e4.)) <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orga71d220\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orga71d220\">5<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orga71d220\">\n<p> (.\/) \uc774\uc0c1\ud558\uac8c\ub3c4, \uc9c0\uae08\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc744 \uacf5\ubd80\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\ub294 \ub4f1\uc2dd\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\uac00 \uc554\uc2dc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub9cc \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc911\uad6d \uace0\uc720\uc758 \ub4f1\ud638(<code>)\uae30\ud638\ub294 \uac1c\ubc1c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.  ((\ub4f1\ud638(<\/code>) \uace0\uc720\uc758 \ud45c\uc2dc\ubb3c\uc740 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. )) <\/p>\n<p> \ub110\ub9ac \ubcf4\uae09\ub41c \uc0b0\ud310\uacfc \uc8fc\ud310\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc774\ub97c (\ub4f1\ud638 \uac1c\ubc1c\uc744) \uc800\ud574\ud588\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub17c\uc758\ub294 \uc544\uc9c1 \ubbf8\uacb0\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc774\ub2e4.  ((\uacc4\uc0b0\ud310\uacfc \uae08\uc9c0 \uc694\uc18c\ub85c \uc758\uacb0\ub41c \uc8fc\ud310\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ub110\ub9ac \ubcf4\uae09\ub418\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub294 \uc758\uacac\uc774 \ubd84\ubd84\ud55c \ub17c\uc810\uc774\ub2e4.)) <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc815\ub2f5\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uac8c \ud558\ub294 \uc911\uac04\ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \uae30\ub85d\uc744 \ub0a8\uaca8\ub193\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ud655\uc2e4\ud558\uac8c \uacc4\uc0b0\uc758 \ud754\uc801\uc744 \uc5c6\uc574\ub2e4.  ((\uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc815\ub2f5\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uac8c \ud558\ub294 \uc911\uac04\ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \uae30\ub85d\uc744 \ub0a8\uaca8\ub193\uc9c0 \uc54a\uae30\uc704\ud574 \ud655\uc2e4\ud558\uac8c \ud754\uc801\uc5c6\uc774 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc744 \uc5c6\uc560\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ud5c8\ub77d\ud588\ub2e4. )) <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098, \ub354 \ud604\ub300\uc801\uc778 \uc218\ud559\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\ub2e4\uba74 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\uc801\uc774 \ubcf4\uc870\ub3c4\uad6c\uac00 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0\ub294 \uc0dd\uac01\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4. (\uc989, \ub354 \ud604\ub300\uc801\uc778 \uc218\ud559\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\uc801\uc774 \ubcf4\uc870\ub3c4\uad6c\ub294 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.)  ((\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ud604\ub300 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774 \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\uc5c8\ub354\ub77c\uba74 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774, \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc744 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \uae30\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub294 \uc5ec\uaca8\uc9c0\uae30 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. )) <\/p>\n<p> \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc14\ub77c\ubcf4\uba74, \uc911\uad6d \uc5ed\uc0ac \ub0b4\ub0b4 \uc8fc\ub41c \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc774 \ub2ec\ub825\uacfc\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uc600\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc778\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \ub2ec\ub825\uc744 \uace0\uce58\uac70\ub098 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uc77c\uc744 \ub3d5\ub3c4\ub85d \uc694\uccad \ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub358 \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub97c \u300e\u7587\u4eba\u50b3\u300f\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc3e\uae30\ub294 \ud798\ub4e4\uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uace0\ub300\uc758 \uc6b0\uc8fc\ucca0\ud559 \uc2e0\ub150\uc758 \ucd1d\uccb4\uc640 \uad00\ub828\ub41c \uba87\uac00\uc9c0 \uc774\uc720\uc5d0\uc11c, \ub2ec\ub825\uc758 \ud655\ub9bd\uc740 \ud669\uc81c\uc758 \ud2b9\uad8c\uc73c\ub85c \uc870\uc2ec\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c \uc9c0\ucf1c\uc84c\uace0, \ub610 \uc18d\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2ec\ub825\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc774\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud669\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucda9\uc131\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud588\ub2e4. \ubc18\ub780\uc774\ub098 \uae30\uadfc\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uc744 \ub54c, \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc885\uc885 \ub2ec\ub825\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uacb0\ub860\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc84c\uace0, \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2ec\ub825\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\ub3c4\ub85d \uc694\uccad \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org04cc84e\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org04cc84e\">6<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org04cc84e\">\n<p> (.\/) \uc774\ub7f0 \uc6b0\uc120\uc801\uc778 \uc784\ubb34\ub294 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc744 \ub3cc\uc774\ud0ac \uc218 \uc5c6\uc744 \ub9cc\ud07c \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \uc0dd\uac01\uc744 \ub9c9\uace0 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \uc218\uc5d0\ub9cc \ub9e4\uc774\uac8c \ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc5b4\uca0c\ub4e0, \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc744 \uc911\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\uc758 \ucc9c\uc7ac\uc131\uc740 \uadf8\ub7f0 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uc6b8\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub2ec\ub825 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc815\uc124\uc774\uace0 \uc720\uad50\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc218\ud559\uc774 \ub610 \uc815\ud1b5\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ub3c4\uad50\uc640 \uad00\ub828\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud560 \ub9cc\ud55c \uc774\uc720\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. 2\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \u5f90\u5cb3\uc740 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ub3c4\uad50\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\uace0, \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uf9e1\u51b6\ub97c \uace0\ucde8\uc2dc\ud0a8 11\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc2e0\ube44\uc758 \ucc45\uc5d0\uc11c \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 \u5b8b\uc758 \u856d\u9053\u5b58\uc5d0\ub294 \uc774\uc0c1\ud55c \ub3c4\ud45c\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ub193\uce58\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc740, \uc2ed\uc911\ud314\uad6c\ub294 \ub3d9\uc2dc\ub300\uc778\uc778 \uc704\ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\ub2e8\uc220\uc0ac \u845b\u6d2a\uacfc \uc218\ud559\uc790 \u5b6b\u5b50 \uac19\uc740 \uac1c\uc778 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc811\ucd09\uc774\ub2e4. \uc758\uc2ec\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0\uc5c6\uc774 \uc774\ub7f0 \uc0ac\uc0c1\uc758 \uc811\ucd09\uc740 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc804\uc5d0\ub294 (\ub2e4\ub978) \uc5b4\ub514\uc11c\ub3c4 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5 \ud588\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9\uc73c\ub85c, \uac00\uc7a5 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc694\uc18c\uc758 \ud558\ub098\ub294 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\uc758\u2018\uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \ubc95\uce59&#8217;\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud0dc\ub3c4\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc3e\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc774\uac83\uc744 \uc9c1\uc804 \ucc45\uc758 \ub05d\ubd80\ubd84(Sect.18)\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c1\uc138\ud788 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud588\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc9c0 \ub2e4\uc74c\ub9cc \ub418\ud480\uc774\ud574\uc11c \uc9c0\uc801\ud574 \ub454\ub2e4: \uc989, \ucc3d\uc870\uc2e0 \uc989 \ucd5c\uace0 \uc785\ubc95\uc790\ub77c\ub294 idea\uc758 \ubd80\uc7ac\uc640, \uc804 \uc6b0\uc8fc\ub294 \uc720\uae30\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc790\uccb4 \ucda9\uc871\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ud655\uc2e4\ud55c \uc2e0\ub150(\ub3c4\uad50 \ucca0\ud559\uc790\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 Lucretius\ud48d\uc758 \uace0\uc0c1\ud55c \uc2dc\uc5d0\uc11c \ud45c\ud604\ub41c)\uc73c\ub85c \ud574\uc11c, \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \ud3ec\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 &#8216;\uc9c8\uc11c&#8217;\ub77c\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \uc774\ub04c\uc5b4 \ub0b4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \ubc95\uce59\uc740 \ud3ec\ud568\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uace0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ud604\uc138\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc774\ub4dd\uc774 \ub420 \uaddc\uce59\uc131\ub3c4 \ubcc4\ub85c \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org0f1c854\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org0f1c854\">7<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org0f1c854\">\n<p> (.\/) 20\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0 \uc911\uad6d \uace0\uc720\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc5d0 \uacc4\uc18d \uba38\ubb34\ub974\uba74\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc5f0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc640 \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9c8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uc7a0\uae50 \ub418\ub3cc\uc544\ubcf4\uc544\ub3c4 \uc88b\ub2e4. \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uc131\ucde8\uac00 \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc84c\ub358 \ub450 \uc655\uc870\ub294 \u6f22\ud55c\ub098\ub77c(the Han)\uc640 \u5b8b\uc1a1\ub098\ub77c(the Sung)\uc774\ub2e4. \u843d\u4e0b&#38286;Lohsia Hung\uacfc \uf9c7\u6b46Liu Hsin\uc758 \uc2dc\ub300\uc778 \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 1\uc138\uae30\ub3d9\uc548 \uad6c\uc7a5\uc0b0\uc220\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \uc8fc\uc694\uccb4\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ucc9c\ub144\uc774\uc0c1\ub3d9\uc548 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uacc4\uc0b0\ub2f4\ub2f9\uad00\uc758 \uc5c5\ubb34\ub97c \uc9c0\ubc30\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc778 \uae30\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c \ubcfc \ub54c \uad00\ub8cc\uc815\uce58\uc81c\uc640 \ubc00\uc811\ud55c \uc5f0\uad00\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc9c0\ubc30\uacc4\uae09\uc774 \ud574\uacb0\ud574\uc57c\ud558\ub294 (\ub610\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc744 \uc124\ub4dd\ud574\uc11c \ud574\uacb0\ud574\uc57c\ud560) \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0\ub9cc \uc774\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud1a0\uc9c0\uce21\ub7c9\uacfc \uc870\uc0ac, \uace1\ucc3d\uc9c0\ub300\uc758 \uba74\uc801, \ub451\uacfc \uc6b4\ud558\uc758 \uac74\uc124, \uc138\uae08\uc9d5\uc218, \uad50\ud658\uc728 &#8211; \uc774\uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc911\uc694\ud574 \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. \u2018\uc218\ud559\uc744 \uc704\ud55c\u2019 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc815\ub9d0 \uac70\uc758 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uacc4\uc0b0\uac00(\uc218\ud559\uc790)\ub4e4\uc774 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ucd94\uad6c\ud588\ub358 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc870\uc9c1\ub41c \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc778 \uc9c4\uc2e4 \ub610\ud55c \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc2dc\uac04\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0 \ub300\uc911\ub4e4\uc740 \ubb38\ub9f9\uc73c\ub85c \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\uc5c8\uace0, \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc758\ub8b0\ud558\uace0 \ud544\uc0ac\ud558\uc5ec \ud589\uc815\uad6c\uc5ed\uc0c1\uc758 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ubd84\uae30\uc810\uc73c\ub85c \ubc30\ud3ec\ud55c \ud544\uc0ac\ubcf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uad6c\ud574 \ubcf4\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4.  ((\uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc758\ub8b0\ud55c \ud544\uc0ac\ubcf8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc811\uadfc \uc5c6\uc774 \ud589\uc815\uad6c\uc5ed\uc0c1\uc758 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ubd84\uae30\uc810\uc73c\ub85c \ubca0\uaef4\uc11c \ubd84\ubc30\ud588\ub2e4.)) <\/p>\n<ul class=\"org-ul\">\n<li>very good \uae40\uc601\uc6b1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orge25f5ad\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orge25f5ad\">8<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orge25f5ad\">\n<p> \ubbf8\uc220\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ub9ce\uc740 \uac83\uc744 \uc8fc\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\uc640\ub294 \uc0c1\uad00\uc5c6\uc774 \ubb38\ud559\uc801 \uc219\ub828\uacfc\uc815\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uac83\uacfc\ub294 \uc804\ud600 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubc29\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc88\uc131\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc624\ub85c\uc9c0 11\uc138\uae30\uacbd\uc758 Shen Kua\uac00 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc608\uc678\uc801\uc778 \uc778\ubb3c\uc774\uc5b4\uc11c, \uc544\ub9c8 \ud544\uacbd\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uadf8\uc758 \uc774\ub860\uc744 \ud544\uc0ac\ucf00\ud588\uc744 \uc704\ub300\ud55c \uac74\ucd95\uac00\uc778 Yu Hao\uc758 \ubaa9\uc870\uac74\ucd95\uc220\uc778 Mu Ching\uc744 \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub3c4\uad50\uc640 \ubd88\uad50\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc544\ub798 \ub193\uc5ec\uc788\ub358 \uba87\uc138\uae30\uc804, \ub2e4\ub978 \ubbf8\uc220\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc778\uc1c4\uc220\uc744 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud588\ub358 \uc2dc\ub300\uc801 \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \ub4a4\uc9d1\ub294 \uacb0\uc815\uc801 \ubc1c\uc790\ucde8\ub97c \ub0a8\uacbc\ub2e4. \uc758\uc2ec\uc758 \uc5ec\uc9c0\uc5c6\uc774 \uc774\uac83\uc740, \uc704\ub300\ud55c \uc218\ud559\uc790 \uacc4\uce35\uc774\ub098 \ud3c9\ubbfc \uacc4\uce35 \ub610\ub294 \ud558\uc704\uad00\ub9ac \uacc4\uce35 \ub204\uad6c\ub098 \uc804\ud1b5 \uad00\ub8cc\uc801 \ud3b8\uacac\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6e8\uc52c \ub113\uc740 \ubd84\uc57c\ub97c \ubc1c\uc804\uc2dc\ucf30\ub358 \uc2dc\uae30\uc778 \uc1a1(\u5b8b)\ub300\uc5d0 \uc911\uad6d\uc218\ud559\uc758 \ub450\ubc88\uc9f8 \ubc88\uc131\uae30\ub97c \ucd09\uc9c4\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. \uc774\uc81c \uc9c0\uc801\ud638\uae30\uc2ec\uc740 \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud558\uac8c \ub9cc\uc871\ub420\uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0c1\uc2b9\uae30\ub294 \uacc4\uc18d \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. Tsu Chhung-Chih\uac00 \uc4f4 Chui Shu\uc758 \uc9c0\ub09c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0ac\ubcf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ud544\uccb4\ub97c \uc5f0\uc2b5\ud588\ub358 \uc720\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uba85(\u660e)\ub300\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \ube44\ud638\uc18d\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \ud798\ub4e4\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \ub0a0\ub824\ubc84\ub838\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc9c0\ubc29\uad00\uccad\uc758 \ub4b7\ubc29\uc73c\ub85c \ubc00\ub824\ub098\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc120\uad50\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0 \ub2f9\ub3c4\ud588\uc744\ub54c, \uacfc\uac70 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uc601\uad11\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc54c\ub824\uc904 \ub204\uad6c\ub3c4 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org592311c\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org592311c\">9<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org592311c\">\n<p> \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uc5d0 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub09c \uc77c\uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uac00? \uadf8\ub85c\uc368 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\ub294 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c \uac83\uc778\uac00? \uadf8\ub7fc \uc65c \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\uac83\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub294\uac00? \ub9cc\uc57d \uadfc\ub300 \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc65c \ud55c \ubb38\uba85\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \ubc1c\uc804\ud55c \uac83\uc778\uc9c0 \uc54c\uc544\ub0b4\uae30\uac00 \uc5b4\ub835\ub2e4\uba74, \uc65c \ub2e4\ub978 \ucabd\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc804\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uac83\uc778\uc9c0 \uc54c\uc544\ub0b4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud6e8\uc52c \ub354 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b8 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ubd80\uc7ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc5d0 \ubc1d\uc740 \ube5b\uc744 \ub358\uc838\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc5f0\ud569\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4, \uadfc\ub300 \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc65c \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc804\uccb4 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ubc1d\ud788\ub294 \uc720\uc77c\ud55c \ub2e4\ub978 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774\ub2e4. Pledge\ub294 \uadf8\uac00 Galileo(\uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc911\uc2ec\uc758 \uc22b\uc790\uac00 \uace0\ub824\ub418\uc5b4\uc838\uc57c\ub9cc \ud558\ub294)\ub97c Leonardo da Vinci\uc640 \ube44\uad50\ud558\ub294 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uc7a1\uc558\ub2e4. \ud6c4\ub300\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 Leonardo\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubcf8\uc131\uacfc \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae4a\uc740 \ud1b5\ucc30\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ub354 \uae4a\uc740 \ubc1c\uc804\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac83\uc740, \uadf8\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \ubd80\uc871 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. \uc9c0\uae08 Leonardo\ub294 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ucd94\uce21\ud558\ub294 \uadf8\ub7f0 \uace0\ub9bd\ub41c \ucc9c\uc7ac\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. Zilsel, Gille\uc640 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ubcf8\ub300\ub85c \uadf8\ub294 15\uc138\uae30~16\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc720\ub2a5\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uac00\uc7a5 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. 15\uc138\uae30~16\uc138\uae30\uc758 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 Brunelleschi\uac19\uc740 \uc608\uc220\uac00 \uacb8 \uc5d4\uc9c0\ub2c8\uc5b4\uc640 \uac74\ucd95\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc Tartaglia\uac19\uc740 \ud3ec\uc218, Ambroise Pare\uac19\uc740 \uc678\uacfc\uc758, Agricola\uc5d0\uc11c \uc18c\ub9ac\ub97c \ubc1c\uacac\ud55c \uad11\ubd80\ub4e4, 1638\ub144 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc758 \ubc1c\uacac\uc744 \uc124\uce58\ud55c \ubca0\ub2c8\uc2a4\uc758 \ubb34\uae30\uace0\uc758 \uc870\uc120\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc \ud654\uc57d\uc81c\ubd84\uc5c5\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc Biringuccio\ub85c \ub300\ud45c\ub418\ub294 \ud654\ud559\uacf5\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc790\ucca0\uad11 \uc704\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 William Gilbert\uc758 \uc77c\uc5d0 \uae4a\uc774 \uace0\ubb34\ub41c Rovert Norman\uac19\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\uacf5\ub3c4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org13a7671\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org13a7671\">10<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org13a7671\">\n<p> \uc774\ub4e4 \ubaa8\ub450\ub294 \uc790\uc5f0\ud604\uc0c1\uc744 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uacf5\uc2dd\uc5d0 \uc801\uc6a9\ub420 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub4e4\uc744 \uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uad11\ubb3c\ud559\uc758 \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\ub77c \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 Sung Ying Hsing, \uac74\ucd95\uac00 Li Chieh, \uc57d\uc0ac Li Shih-Chen, \uc6d0\uc608\uac00 Chhen Hao-Tzu, \ud3ec\uc218 Chiao Yu\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc911\uad6d \ub300\uc751\uc778\ubb3c\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc2dc\uacc4\uacf5\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uba74\uc5d0\uc11c de Dondi \uc640 Su Sung\uc758 \ub300\uc751\uad00\uacc4\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \ub204\uad6c\ub4e0 \uc5b4\ub5a4\ubd84\uc57c\ub97c \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\uba74 \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub300\ub4f1\uc778\ubb3c\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub77c\ub098 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc911\uad6d\uacfc \ub2ec\ub9ac \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc601\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uacfc \uc218\ud559 \uacf5\uc2dd\uc774 \uc811\ud569\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> Gabriel Harvey \uac00 +1593\ub144\uc5d0 \uc4f4 \ubc14\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\ub294 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubcc0\ud654\uac00 \uc720\ub7fd \uae30\uc220\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\ub97c \uc874\uacbd\ud558\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ubd84\uba85\ud558\uac8c \uc5b8\uae09\ud55c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org9d596d6\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org9d596d6\">11<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org9d596d6\">\n<p> (.\/) <\/p>\n<p> \uc815\ubc00\uae30\uacc4\uacf5 Humphrey Cole, \uc870\uc120\uacf5 Matthew Baker, \uac74\ucd95\uac00 John Shute, \ud56d\ud574\uc0ac Robert Norman, \ud3ec\uc218 William Bourne, \uc57d\uc81c\uc0ac John Hester\ub098 \uc774\ub4e4 \uac19\uc774 \uad50\ubb18\ud558\uace0 \uc19c\uc528\uc788\ub294 \uacbd\ud5d8\uac00\ub97c \ub5a0\uc62c\ub9ac\uba70, \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uc544\ubb34\ub9ac \ud559\uad50\uad50\uc721\uc744 \ubc1b\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0 \ubc30\uc6b0\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud56c\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4, \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \uc774\ub7f0 \ub611\ub611\ud55c \uc778\ub825\uc744 \uacbd\uba78\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \uad50\ub9cc\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> ((\uc218\ud559\uae30\uacc4\uc0ac Humphrey Cole, \uc870\uc120\uacf5 Matthew Baker, \uac74\ucd95\uac00 John Shute, \ud56d\ud574\uc0ac Robert Norman, \ud3ec\uc218 William Bourne, \ud654\ud559\uc790 John Hester, \ub610\ub294 \uad50\ud65c\ud558\uace0 \uc74c\ud749\ud55c \uacbd\ud5d8\uc5d0\ub9cc \uc758\uc874\ud558\ub294 \uc790\ub4e4\ub85c \uae30\uc5b5\ub418\ub294 \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ud559\uad50\ub098 \ucc45\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \uad50\uc721\uc744 \ubc1b\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uc600\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub9cc\uc57d \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uc219\ub828\ub41c \uae30\uacc4\uacf5\ub4e4\uc774\ub098 \uadf8 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc219\ub2ec\ub41c \uae30\uc220\uc790\ub4e4\uc744 \ube44\ub09c\ud560 \ub54c\uc5d0\ub294, \uae0d\uc9c0\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. Q:(\uc61b\ub0a0 \uc601\uc5b4\ub77c\uc11c \ud574\uc11d\uc774 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud788 \uc5b4\uc0c9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uad50\uc218\ub2d8\uaed8 \uc218\uc815\uc744 \ubd80\ud0c1\ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.) )) <\/p>\n<p> 1600\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc790\uc11d\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c William Gilbert\uc758 \uc800\uc220\uc740 \ud559\ubb38\uc801 training\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \ud559\uc790\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc800\uc220\ub41c \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \uc778\uc1c4\ub41c \ucc45\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc804\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc2e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc9c1\uc811 \ud589\ud55c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uacfc \uad00\ucc30\uc5d0 \ud1a0\ub300\ub97c \ub450\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uacf5\uc2dd\ub3c4 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\uc558\uace0, \uc790\uc5f0\ubc95\uce59\uc5d0 \uc758\uac70\ud558\uc5ec \uc124\uba85\ud558\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uc778\ubb3c\uc774\ub358 Francis Bacon\uc740, \uc778\uac04 \ubb38\uba85\uc758 \uc9c4\ubcf4\ub97c \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uadfc\ub300 \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc5f0\uad6c\uac00 \uc778\ub958\ubb38\uba85\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc911\uc694\ud568\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud55c \uccab\ubc88\uc9f8 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uac00\uc600\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, \uc870\ub9cc\uac04\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uc774 \ub2f4\ub2f9\ud558\uac8c\ub420 \uac70\ub300\ud55c \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \uadf8 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uc798 \ub0b4\ub2e4\ubcf4\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4.  ((\uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c \uc778\ub958 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc0c1 \ucd5c\ucd08\ub85c \uadf8\uc640 \uad00\ub828\ud558\uc5ec \uae00\uc744 \uc4f4 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc784\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, \u2018\uc218\ud559\u2019\uc774 \uace7\ubc14\ub85c \uc801\uc6a9\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ub17c\ubb38\uc758 \ub9ce\uc740 \ubd80\ubd84\ub4e4\uc744 \ub354 \uc798 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4.)) <\/p>\n<p> \ubb3c\ub860 \uc911\uc138\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. Korye\uac00 \ub274\ud134-\ub370\uce74\ub974\ud2b8\uc801 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uadfc\uc6d0\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uadf8\uc758 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \ub17c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uc744 \uc120\ubcf4\uc774\uba74\uc11c, \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c \ubcc0\ud615\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4. \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc2e4\uccb4\ub294 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc5d0 \uc870\uae08 \ub354 \uac00\uae4c\uc6cc\uc838\uc57c \ud588\uace0, \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucd94\uc5b4\uc838\uc57c \ud588\uc73c\uba70, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac \uc790\uccb4\uc758 \uad00\uc810\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc640 \uc720\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uad00\uc810\uc744 \uc62e\uaca8\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgcd5a809\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orgcd5a809\">12<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orgcd5a809\">\n<p> (.\/) \ubbf8\uc801\ubd84\ud559\uc740 \uc774 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc758 \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc5c5\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. 1550\ub144\uc5d0 \uc720\ub7fd \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \uc911\uad6d\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \ubc1c\uacac\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb3c\ub824\ubc1b\uc740 \uc544\ub78d\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uc218\ud559 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc880\ucc98\ub7fc \ub354 \uc9c4\ubcf4\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub4a4\ub97c \uc774\uc5b4\uc11c \ubab9\uc2dc \ub180\ub77c\uac8c \ud55c \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc989, 1580\ub144 Viete\uc640 1557\ub144 Recorde \uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uc5ec \ub9c8\uce68\ub0b4 \ub9cc\uc871\ud560\ub9cc\ud07c \uc815\uad50\ud558\uac8c \uc815\ub9ac\ub41c \ub300\uc218 \uae30\uc218\ubc95, 1585\ub144\uc5d4 Stevin\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc2ed\uc9c4\ubc95\uc758 \uc644\uc804\ud55c \uc774\ud574, 1614\ub144 Napier\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ub85c\uadf8\uc758 \ubc1c\uba85, 1620\ub144 Gunter\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uacc4\uc0b0\uc790, 1637\ub144 Descartes\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc88c\ud45c,\ud574\uc11d\uae30\ud558\ud559\uc758 \uc124\ub9bd, 1642\ub144 Pascal\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \ub367\uc148\uacc4\uc0b0\uae30, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 1665\ub144 Newton, 1684\ub144 Leibniz\uc758 \ubb34\ud55c\uc18c \uacc4\uc0b0\ubc95(\ubbf8\uc801\ubd84)\uc758 \uc5c5\uc801\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc544\uc9c1 \uc544\ubb34\ub3c4 \uc774 \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0 \ub0b4\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \uba54\uce74\ub2c8\uc998\uc744 \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uacfc \uc911\uad6d\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uacfc \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uacc4\uc2b9\uc790\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \ub530\ub85c\ub530\ub85c \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\ub358\ub370 \ubc18\ud574\uc11c \uc9c0\uae08 \ub450 \uac1c\uc758 \uacb0\ud569, \uc989 \uae30\ud558\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc801 \ubc29\ubc95\uc758 \uc801\uc6a9\uc740 \uc815\ubc00\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc9c4\ubcf4\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub358 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ud55c \ub2e8\uacc4\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc774 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc774 \uadf8\ub0e5 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc778 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uc5ed\uae30\ud558\ud559\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.  ((\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc774 \uadf8\uac83\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc77c \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ucd94\ub860\uc801\uc778 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc8fc\uc758\ud558\ub294\uac8c \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.)) \uc911\uad6d \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub4e4\uc744 \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0dd\uac01\ud574\uc654\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uac19\uc740 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgf2eb62e\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orgf2eb62e\">13<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orgf2eb62e\">\n<p> (.\/) \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc5d0\uc11c \uc644\ubcbd\ud55c \ud615\uc2dd\uc744 \uac16\ucd94\uc5b4 \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc218\ud559\uc801 \ubc29\ubc95\uc758 \ud0c4\uc0dd\uacfc \ud604\ub300\uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uae30\uc220\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uc774\ub048 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc740 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc5d0 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\uace0 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc81c\uae30\ud55c\ub2e4. \ube44\ub85d \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud560 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\uaca0\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \ud558\ub294 \uac04\ub2e8\ud55c \ubd84\uc11d\uc740 \ubd80\uc801\uc808\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2d0 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0, \uc815\ud655\ud788 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c, \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \ud1b5\ud569\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0 \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc774\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc870\uae08\uc758 \uc544\uc774\ub514\uc5b4\ub97c \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uace0, \ub610, \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uac19\uc774, \uc774\uc804\uc758 \uc911\uc138 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774 \ub458\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc11c\ub85c \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\uc81c \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc758 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\uba74, \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> (a) \ud1a0\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\ub294 \ud604\uc0c1\ub4e4 \uac00\uc6b4\ub370\uc11c, \uc815\ub7c9\uc801\uc778 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0bc \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uba74\uc744 \ubf51\uae30. (b) \uad00\uce21\ub41c \uc591\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uad00\uacc4 (\ub610\ub294 \uc774\uc640 \ub3d9\ub4f1\ud55c \uac83)\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uac00\uc124\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud558\uae30. (c) \uc774 \uac00\uc124\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \uac80\uc99d\uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ubc94\uc704 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uacb0\ub860\uc744 \uc774\ub04c\uc5b4\ub0c4. (d) \uc870\uac74\uc744 \ubc14\uafbc \ud6c4\uc758 \uad00\ucc30\uacfc \ub354 \ub098\uc544\uac04 \uad00\ucc30, \uc989 \uc2e4\ud5d8. \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c\ud55c \uc218\uce58\uc801 \uc591\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c \uce21\uc815\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c\ub2e4. (e) (b)\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\uc131\ud55c \uac00\uc124\uc758 \ucc44\ud0dd \ub610\ub294 \uae30\uac01 (\ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc774\uac70\ub098 \ud1f4\uc9dc\ub193\uae30). (f) \ucc44\ud0dd\ub41c \uac00\uc124\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac00\uc124\uacfc \uadf8\uc758 \uac80\uc99d\uc758 \uc2dc\uc791\uc810\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> ((\uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc758 \ud615\uc2dd\uc5d0\uc11c \uc644\ubcbd\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ub41c \uc2e4\ud5d8-\uc218\ud559\uc801 \ubc29\ubc95\uc758 \ud0c4\uc0dd\uacfc \ud604\ub300\uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uae30\uc220\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uc774\ub048 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc740 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub97c \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\uace0 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c\ub2e4. \ube44\ub85d \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc815\uc758\ud560 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\uc73c\ub098 \uc5ec\uae30 \uc788\ub294 \uac04\ub2e8\ud55c \ubd84\uc11d\uc740 \uc801\ub2f9\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2d0 \uac83\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uacfc\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc774 \ud1b5\ud569\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0 \uc774\uac83\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc870\uae08\uc758 \uc544\uc774\ub514\uc5b4\ub97c \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uace0, \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc624\ub7ab\ub3d9\uc548 \uc911\uc138\ucd08\uae30\uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \uc911\uad6d\ucc98\ub7fc \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0 \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.  \ub9cc\uc57d \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ucc3e\uc740 \uac08\ub9b4\ub9ac\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \ube44\ud3c9\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc758 \uc5b4\uad6c\ub4e4\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uac8c \ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ud1a0\ub860\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\uc778 \ubc1c\ucdcc\ub294 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uce21\uba74\uc758 \ud45c\ud604\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc591\uc801\uc778 \uc6a9\uc5b4\uc774\ub2e4. \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uad00\uacc4(\ub610\ub294 \uadf8\uc640 \ub3d9\ub4f1\ud55c \uac83)\ub97c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\ub294 \uac00\uc124\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uacf5\uc2dd\uc740 \uc591\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294 \uae30\ud638\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ub17c\ud3c9\ub41c\ub2e4. \uac00\uc124\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uae30\uc778\ud55c \ud2b9\uc815 \uacb0\uacfc\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc5f0\uc5ed\ubc95\uc740 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uc785\uc99d\uc758 \ubc94\uc704 \ub0b4\uc5d0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc870\uac74\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uad00\ucc30\uc740 \ub354 \uc2ec\uc624\ud55c \uad00\ucc30\uc744 \uc218\ubc18\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc989 \uad00\ucc30, \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uad6c\uccb4\ud654\ub41c \uac83\uacfc \uacc4\uc0b0\ub2a5\ub825\uc758 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uce21\uc815\uc774\ub2e4. \uc218\ub77d\ud558\ub294 \uac83 \ub610\ub294 \uac70\uc808\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uac00\uc124\uc758 \ud2c0\uc5d0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac00\uc124\ub4e4\uacfc \uc81c\uc548\ub4e4\uc740 \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc5ec\uc9c4 \uac00\uc124\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uac80\uc99d\ub418\uc5b4\uc838\uc57c \ud560 \uc2dc\uc791\uc810\uc744 \uc218\ubc18\ud55c\ub2e4.)) <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org62213c3\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org62213c3\">14<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org62213c3\">\n<p> (.\/) <\/p>\n<p> &#8216;\uc2e4\ud5d8\ucca0\ud559\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ucca0\ud559&#8217;\uc740 \ud604\uc0c1 \uc548\uc5d0 \uce21\uc815 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc694\uc18c\ub97c \ucc3e\uace0 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc591\uc801\uc778 \uaddc\uce59\uc131\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc801 \uc131\uaca9\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \uc624\ub798 \uc804\ubd80\ud130 \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc138\uacc4\ub294 \uc591\uc801\uc778 \uc138\uacc4\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. ((\uc591\uc801\uc778 \uc138\uacc4\ub294 \uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc138\uacc4\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.)) \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c\uc758 \uc9c4\ud589\uc740 \uc774\uac83\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \ud55c \uac78\uc74c \ub354 \ub098\uc544\uac14\ub2e4. \uc65c\ub0d0\ud558\uba74 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc774\ub294 \ubb3c\uccb4\ub4e4\uacfc \ubcc4\ub3c4\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \ubb3c\uccb4\uc758 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc5d0\ub294 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud2b9\uc131 \ud639\uc740 \uc131\uc9c8\uacfc \uad00\ub828\ub41c \uac83\uc740 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc544\ubb34\uac83\ub3c4 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0, \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ud30c\uc0dd\ub420 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 \uc6b4\ub3d9(motion)\ub294 \uc6b0\uc8fc \uc548 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0\uc11c\ub4e0 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc758 \uade0\uc9c8\uc131\uc740 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc758\ubbf8\ub85c\ub294 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uc18c\uba78 \ubc0f \uc8fd\uc74c \uc774\uc5c8\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc678\uad00\uc0c1 \uc2e4\ub85c \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ubcc0\ud654\uc600\ub2e4.  ((Q: motion\uc744 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud574\uc11d\ud588\ub294\ub370 \uc758\ubbf8\uc804\ub2ec\uc774 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ubd88\ubd84\uba85\ud574\ubcf4\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. motion\uacfc, moving bodies \ub4f1\uc744 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \ud574\uc11d\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uc9c0 \uc798 \ubaa8\ub974\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.) motion\uc740 \uc6b4\ub3d9 moving body\ub294 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc774\ub294 \ubb3c\uccb4 \ub9de\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.)) <\/p>\n<p> \uacf5\uac04\uc744 \uae30\ud558\ud654(\u5e7e\u4f55\u5316)\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uacfc, \uade0\uc9c8\ud558\uace0 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc788\ub294 \uc720\ud074\ub9ac\ub4dc\uacf5\uac04\uc73c\ub85c \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559, \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc758 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ucc44\ubcc4\ud654\ub41c \uc7a5\uc18c\uc5f0\uc18d\uccb4\ub97c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740, \ud615\ud0dc\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc758 \uccad\uc0b0\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.  ((\uacf5\uac04\uc758 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc801 \uc801\uc6a9, \uade0\uc9c8\uc131\uc758 \ub300\uccb4 , \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc778, \uce58\uc218\ub85c \uc7b4 \uc218 \uc788\uace0, \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559, \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc758 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ucc28\ubcc4\ud654\ub41c \uc7a5\uc18c \uc5f0\uc18d\uccb4\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc720\ud074\ub9ac\ub4dc \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc801 \uacf5\uac04\uc740 \ud615\ud0dc\ud559\uc0c1 \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc774\uc600\ub358 \uac83\uc758 \uccad\uc0b0\uc774\uc600\ub2e4.)) <\/p>\n<p> \uc0ac\uc2e4 \uc138\uacc4\ub294 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc874\uc7ac\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ud654\ub41c, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc720\ud55c\ud558\uace0 \uacc4\uce35\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c8\uc11c\uc7a1\ud78c \uc804\uccb4\ub85c \uc0dd\uac01\ub420 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \ub3d9\uc77c\uc131\uacfc \ub2e8\uc21c\ud558\uace0 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ubc95\uce59\ub4e4\uc758 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801\uc778 \uc801\uc6a9\uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc5f0\uacb0\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294, \uc5f4\ub824\uc788\uc73c\uba70 \ubd88\uba85\ud655\ud558\uace0 \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4\ub294 \ubb34\ud55c\ud55c \uc6b0\uc8fc\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.  ((\uc0ac\uc2e4 \uc138\uacc4\ub294 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc720\ud55c\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c, \uc874\uc7ac\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ud654\ub41c \uacc4\uce35\uc801\uc778 \uc804\uccb4\ub85c \uc0dd\uac01\ub420 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4.(Q: hierarchically ordered whole\uc744 \uacc4\uce35\uc801\uc778 \uc804\uccb4\ub85c \ud574\uc11d\ud588\ub294\ub370 \ub9c9\uc0c1 \uc81c\uac00 \ub73b\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.) \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc5f4\ub824\uc788\uc73c\uba70 \ubd88\uba85\ud655\ud558\uace0, \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4\ub294 \ubb34\ud55c\ud55c \uc6b0\uc8fc\ub294 \ub3d9\uc77c\uc131\uacfc \ub2e8\uc21c\ud558\uace0 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ubc95\uce59\ub4e4\uc758 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801\uc778 \uc751\uc6a9\uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ub2e8\uacb0\ub41c\ub2e4.)) <\/p>\n<p> \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc77c\ub2e8 \uc911\ub825\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc774 \uacf5\uc2dd\ud654 \ub418\uba74 \uc6b0\uc8fc \uc548\uc5d0 \uc911\ub825\uc758 \ubc95\uce59\uc774 \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uacf3\uc740 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org5614fa7\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org5614fa7\">15<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org5614fa7\">\n<p> (.\/) \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc7a5\uc18c\ub97c \ud5a5\ud558\uc5ec \uac00\uace0\uc790 \ud558\ub294 \ubb3c\uccb4 \uace0\uc720\uc758 \uacbd\ud5a5\uc744 \ubd80\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubb3c\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \uc720\uae30\uc801\uc778 \ud1b5\ud569\uccb4\uc784\uc744 \uae68\ud2b8\ub9ac\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \uc591\uc0c1\uc758 \ud558\ub098\uc77c \ubfd0\uc784\uc740 \ubd84\uba85\ud558\ub2e4. \ub529\uae00\uc774 \ub9d0\ud55c \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc, \ud615\ud0dc \ubb34\uac8c, \uc0c9\uae54 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ud2b9\uc131\uc774 \uce58\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc870\ud654\ub41c \uba85\ubc31\ud55c \ud1b5\uc77c\uccb4\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\uc5b4\uc11c, \ucd5c\uc0c1\uc758 \ub3c5\ucc3d\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub9cc\uc774 \uba87 \uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc790\uadf9\ubc1b\uc544 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud1b5\uc77c\uccb4\ub97c \uac70\ubd80\ud558\uace0, \ub098\ubb34 \uacf5\uacfc \ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758 \ubb3c\uc9c8\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \ud639\uc131\uc774 \uac00\uc9c4 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc131\uc774 \uac19\uc740 \uacf5\uc758 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uacfc \uc0c9\uae54\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc131\uc774 \ub354 \ub9ce\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \ud601\uba85\uc801\uc778 \ud55c \uac78\uc74c\uc744 \ub0b4\ub514\ub51c \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0, \uc0ac\uc2e4, \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc758 \ud601\uba85\uc740 \uc911\uc138 \uc720\ub7fd\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uace0, \uc5b4\ub290 \uc815\ub3c4 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0dd\uac01\uacfc\ub3c4 \uac19\uc558\ub358 \uc720\uae30\uc801\uc778 \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc744 \ud30c\uad34\ud558\uace0, \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uacc4\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc6d0\uc790\uac1c\ub150\uacfc \uc6b0\uc5f0\ud788 \uc798 \ub9de\uc544\ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uac8c \ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294 \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\uafb8\uc5b4 \ub193\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ucca0\ud559\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\uc2ec\ub098\uac8c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ubd88\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc694\uc18c\ub294 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uaebc\uc84c\ub2e4; \ud0dc\uc591\uc740 \uc5c6\uc5b4\uc9c0\uace0, \ub545\ub3c4 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uae30\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uacf3\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub04c\uc5b4\uc8fc\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uac70\ub9ac\ub08c\uc5c6\uc774 \uc774 \uc138\uc0c1\uc774 \ub05d\ub0ac\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud558\uace0, \uadf8 \ub54c \ud639\uc131\uacfc \ud558\ub298\uc5d0\uc11c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \ucc3e\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83 &#x2026; &#8220;\uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \ud769\uc5b4\uc9c0\uace0, \uc77c\uad00\uc131\uc744 \uc783\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70; \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc815\ub2f9\ud55c \ub4b7\ubc1b\uce68\ub3c4 \ub610 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uad00\uacc4\ub3c4 &#x2026; <\/p>\n<p> ((\uc0ac\uc2e4 \ud655\uc2e4\ud55c \uc7a5\uc18c\ub97c \ud5a5\ud558\uc5ec \uac00\uace0\uc790 \ud558\ub294 \uc721\uccb4\uc758 \ud0c0\uace0\ub09c \uacbd\ud5a5\ub4e4\uc744 \ubd80\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc138\uc18d\uc801 \ub3d9\uae30\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uc870\uc9c1\uc801 \ud1b5\ud569\uc744 \uae68\ub728\ub9ac\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \uc591\uc0c1 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc5d0 \uc9c0\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ub529\uae00\uc774 \ub9d0\ud55c \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ud615\ud0dc, \ubb34\uac8c\uc640 \uc0c9\ucc44 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ud2b9\uc131\uc774 \uce58\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc870\ud654\ub41c \uba85\ubc31\ud55c \ud1b5\uc77c\uccb4\ub77c\uba74, \uba87\uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc790\uadf9\ubc1b\uc740 \ucd5c\uc0c1\uc758 \ub3c5\ucc3d\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc815\uc2e0\ub9cc\uc774, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud1b5\uc77c\uacfc \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ub098\ubb34\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uc815\uc9c0\ub41c \uc9c0\uad6c\uc640 \ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758 \ubb3c\uc9c8\ub85c \ub41c \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ud589\uc131\uc774 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uacfc \uc0c9\ucc44\ub97c \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc9c0\uad6c \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \ub0ab\ub2e4\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc744 \uac70\uc808\ud558\ub294 \ud601\uba85\uc801 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub97c \ucde8\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc815\ub9d0\ub85c, \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc758 \uacf5\uc804\uc740 \uc911\uc138 \uc720\ub7fd\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \uc5b4\ub290 \uc815\ub3c4 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0dd\uac01\uacfc\ub3c4 \uac19\uc558\ub358 \ud1b5\ud569\ub41c \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc744 \ud30c\uad34\ud558\uace0 \uc874\ub358\uc774 \ud45c\ud604\ud55c \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.  \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ucca0\ud559\uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\uc2ec\ub098\uac8c \ud55c\ub2e4.  \ubd88\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc6d0\uc18c\ub294 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uaebc\uc838 \ubc84\ub838\ub2e4  \ud0dc\uc591\uc740 \uae38\uc744 \uc783\uace0, \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc9c0\uad6c\ub3c4 \ubc29\ud669\ud558\uba70 \uc778\uac04\uc740 \uc9c0\ud61c\ub97c \uc783\uc5c8\ub2e4.  \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0\uc11c \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uae38\uc744 \uc778\ub3c4\ud560 \uac83\uc778\uac00?  \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc544\ubb34\ub807\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\uac8c \uc774 \uc138\uc0c1\uc740 \uae30\uc9c4\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud55c\ub2e4.  \ud589\uc131\ub4e4\uacfc \ucc9c\uacf5\uc758 \uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0  \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83\ub4e4\uc744 \ucd94\uad6c\ud55c\ub2e4.  \uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0b0\uc0b0\uc870\uac01\ub098\uace0 \uc5f0\ud569\uc740 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc84c\ub2e4.  \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc815\ub2f9\ud55c \uacf5\uae09\uacfc \uad00\uacc4\ub294&#x2026;. )) <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgb044321\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orgb044321\">16<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org0da33bf\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org0da33bf\">17<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org0da33bf\">\n<p> \ucca0\ud559\uc740 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc2dc\uc120\uc774 \ud56d\uc0c1 \ub2ff\ub294 \uc704\ub300\ud55c \ucc45\uc778 \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc5d0 \uc4f0\uc5ec \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \uc801\ud78c \uc5b8\uc5b4\uc640 \uae30\ud638\ub97c \ud1b5\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ucc45\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uc5b8\uc5b4\uc640 \uc0bc\uac01\ud615, \uc6d0 \ub4f1\uc758 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc801 \ubaa8\uc591\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc4f0\uc5ec \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \ub3c4\uc6c0 \uc5c6\uc774\ub294 \uadf8 \uc911 \ub2e8 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uae00\uc790\ub3c4 \uc774\ud574\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uace0, \ub2e8\uc9c0 \uacf5\ud5c8\ud55c \uac80\uc740 \ubbf8\uad81 \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \ud5e4\ub9ec \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, E. W. Strong\uc740 Galileo \uc774\uc804 \uc2dc\ub300\uc640 \uadf8\uac00 \uc0b0 \uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0\uc11c \uc218\ud559\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc774\ubbf8 \uc5b8\uae09\ud55c \uc2e4\ud559\uc790\uc774\ub098 \uc9c1\uacf5\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc810\uc810 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uc74c\uc744 \ub0a9\ub4dd\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c Nicolo Tartaglia\uc640 Simon Stevin\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2f9\ub300 \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ud654\ud3ec\uc220, \uc870\uc120\uc220, \uc218\ub825\ud559\uacfc \uac74\ucd95\ud559 \ub4f1\uc5d0 \uac78\uce5c \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\uace0, \uc774\ub7f0 \uc810\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc591\uc801\uc73c\ub85c, \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uad00\uc810\uc73c\ub85c \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uac8c \ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uce21\uc815\uacfc \ubc95\uce59\uc758 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uc7a5\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 Galileo\uac00 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784, \uc591\uc801 \uaddc\ubaa8\uc758 \uce21\uc815\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uace0\ub9bd\ub418\uc5c8\uc74c\uc744 \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788 \uae68\ub2ec\uc558\uc5b4\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uc2e4, Whitehead\uac00 \ub9d0\ud588\ub4ef\uc774 \ud568\uc218\ud654\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc0dd\uac01\uc740 \uc774\ubbf8 \ub4f1\uc7a5\ud588\ub2e4. \ud2b9\uc815 \uc0c1\ud0dc\uac00 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ubcc0\ud588\ub294\uac00\ub294 \uadf8 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc\uac00 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ubcc0\ud588\ub290\ub0d0\uc640 \uc0c1\uc751\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud574\uc57c\ub9cc \ud588\ub358 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org781a454\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org781a454\">18<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org67cb42b\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org67cb42b\">19<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org67cb42b\">\n<p> \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub098\uc11c \uc5b4\ucc0c\ud558\uc600\ub4e0, \uae30\uc220\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \uc7a5\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9c1\uad00 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc740 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc774\uc2dd \uc2e4\ud5d8 \ubc29\ubc95\uc758 \ud544\uc218\uc694\uc18c\ub85c \ud615\uc131\ub41c \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uac00\uc124\uc758 \uc758\uc2dd \uc2e4\ud5d8 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uacfc\ub294 \ub2e4\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc5c8\uc744\uae4c? \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uc9c8\ubb38\uc740 \uc720\ub7fd\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\ub9cc\ud07c \ub9ce\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \uc219\ub828\ub41c \uc7a5\uc778(\uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ubd80\ub97c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.)\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \ub300\ub2e8\ud788 \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4. \uc804\uc5d0 \ud588\ub358 \uac83\uacfc \ub611\uac19\uc740 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\uc11d\ud574\ubcf4\uba74, \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uac83\ub4e4\uc744 \uc54c\uc544\ub0bc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> (a) \uc120\ud0dd, \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ud1a0\ub860\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130\uc758 \uac83 <\/p>\n<p> (d) \uad00\ucc30, \uc870\uac74\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\ub294, \ub610\ub294 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uad00\ucc30\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\ub294-\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uba74 \uc218\uc758 \uad11\ub300\ud568 \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c \uce21\uc815 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ucd5c\ub300 \ubc94\uc704  \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc2e4\ud5d8, \uad6c\uccb4\ud654 \ub4f1. <\/p>\n<p> (b) \uc6d0\uc2dc \ud615\ud0dc \uac00\uc124\uc758 \uccb4\uacc4\ud654 (\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uba74, \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4\uc758 \uc6d0\uc18c\ub4e4, \uc5f0\uae08\uc220\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc758 3\uac00\uc9c0 \uc8fc\uc694\uc6d0\uc18c, \ub610\ub294 \uc74c\uc591\uc624\ud589\uc124\uc5d0 \uad00\uacc4\ub41c \uac83\ub4e4) <\/p>\n<p> (f)  \uacf5\uc874\ud558\ub294 \uac00\uc124\uc5d0 \uadfc\uac70\ud55c \uace0\ub824\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ub108\ubb34 \ud06c\uac8c \uc601\ud5a5 \ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uacc4\uc18d\ub41c \uad00\ucc30\uacfc \uc2e4\ud5d8 <\/p>\n<p> \ud55c \uc138\ub300\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\uc74c \uc138\ub300\ub85c \uac1c\uc778\uc801\uc778 \uc811\ucd09\uacfc \uad50\uc721\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \ub2a5\ub825\uc744 \ubb3c\ub824\uc8fc\ub294\ub370 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uc774 \ubd80\uc871\ud568\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\ubc95 \ud558\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc591\uc758 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \ucd95\uc801\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org1708b0f\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org1708b0f\">20<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org1708b0f\">\n<p> \ub2e4\ub978 \uc2dc\uac04\uacfc \uc7a5\uc18c\uc5d0 \uad00\ud574\uc11c\ub294, \uc804\ubb38\uc801\uc778 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \uc131\ucde8\ub41c \uc815\ub3c4\ub97c \ub530\uc838\ubcf4\uc558\uc744 \ub54c \uc911\uad6d\uacfc \uc720\ub7fd \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \uc120\ud0dd\ud560 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc5b4\ub5a0\ud55c \uc11c\uc591\uc778\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc0c1\ub098\ub77c \uc8fc\ub098\ub77c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uccad\ub3d9 \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub098\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\uace0, \ub2f9\ub098\ub77c \uc1a1\ub098\ub77c \ub3c4\uc608\uac00\uc5d0 \ub9de\uba39\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \uae38\ubc84\ud2b8\uc758 \uc790\ub825\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacb0\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \uc900\ube44\ub294 \uc774\ubbf8 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc774 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \ud65c\ub3d9\ub4e4\uc774 \uc591\uc801\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4\uace0\ub294 \ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc65c\ub0d0\ud558\uba74 \ub3c4\uc608\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc628\ub3c4 \uc870\uc808 \uc5c6\uc774\ub294 \uad11\ud0dd\ud6a8\uacfc\uc640 \ubcf8\uccb4\uc640 \uc0c9\uae54 \ub4f1\uc5d0\uc11c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c  \uacb0\ucf54 \uc7ac\ud604\ud574\ub0bc \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc744 \uac83\uc774\uace0, \ub9cc\uc57d \ud759\uc810\uc220\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc774 \ubc29\uc704\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub354\ub77c\uba74 \uc790\uae30\ud3b8\uac01\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubc1c\uacac\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc744\uac83\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc808\ucc28\ub4e4\uc758 \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \ubc1c\uac78\uc74c\uc778 \uac08\ub9ac\ub9ac\uc778\uacfc \uc7a5\uc778\ub4e4 \ub458\ub2e4 \uadf8\uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc5c6\uc774 \uc9c0\ub098\uac14\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uba87\uba87\uc758 \uae00\uc4f4\uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uac15\uc870\ud574 \uc654\ub4ef\uc774, \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc870\uc9c1\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ubaa9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \ud750\ub984\uc5d0\uc11c \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\ub9cc\uc744 \uace0\ub9bd\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud558\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uace0\ub3c4\uc758 \uc778\uacf5\uc801\uc778 \uc131\uc9c8\uc744 \uc900\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c 17\uc138\uae30 \uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6e8\uc52c \uc55e\uc11c \uc11c\uc591\ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc911\uc138 \uc7a5\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uadf8\ub4e4 \uc790\uc2e0\uc5d0\uac8c \ubcf4\uc600\ub358 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud765\ubbf8\ub294 \uc774\uac83\uc744 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uac8c \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uac01\uac01\uc758 \uc7a5\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ud55c\uc815\ub41c \uae30\uc220\uc5d0\ub9cc \uad00\uc2ec\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\uae30\ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc815\ub9d0\ub85c \uc790\uc5f0\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org0802113\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org0802113\">21<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org0802113\">\n<p> \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ub610\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\uc758 \ud655\ub9bd\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc2e4\ud5d8\ubc18\ubcf5\uc758 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc744 \uae68\ub2ec\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ub300\uc790\uc5f0 \uc18d \ucc9c\uccb4\ud604\uc0c1\ub4e4\uc758 \uc8fc\uae30\uc801\uc778 \uc7ac\ud604\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc81c\uacf5\ub41c \ubc18\ubcf5\uc73c\ub85c \uaf64 \uc131\uacf5\uc744 \uac70\ub450\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc911\uc138\uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uc7a5\uc778\ub4e4\uc740(\uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc720\ub7fd\uc778\ub4e4\ub3c4) \ud604\ub300\ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uacfc \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc0c1\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\ub4e4\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc758 \ubc18\ubcf5\ub4e4\uacfc \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ub2e8\uacc4\ub4e4\uc744 \uc870\uc9c1\ud558\ub294\ub370 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uac78\ub838\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098  Leonard\uc758 \uc774\ub860\uc740 \uc774\ub860\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \ubd80\uc871\ud574\ubcf4\uc600\uae30\uc5d0 \uac00\uc124\uc124\uc815\uc758 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \ubc18\ub300\ub294 \ub298 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.  Duhem\uc740 \uac00\uc2a4\uccb4 \uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc124\uba85\uc744 \ud55c \ud6c4 \ub300\uae30\uc640 \ubd88, \uc5f0\uae30\uc640 \uc218\uc99d\uae30 \ub4f1\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc131\ucde8\uc640 \ubc1c\uba85\ub4e4, \uc989 \uadf8\uac00 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \uc81c\uc548\ud588\ub358 \uac70\uc758 \uc124\uba85\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5b4 \ubcf4\uc600\ub358 \uac83\ub4e4\uc744 \uc911\uc138 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc5d0 \uc2a4\uba70\ub4e4\uac8c \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac00 \uc2b5\ub3c4\uacc4, \ud5ec\ub9ac\ucf65\ud130 \ub610\ub294 \uc6d0\uc2ec\ub825\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c \ud38c\ud504\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc2a4\ucf00\uce58\ub97c \ud558\ub294 \ubc18\uba74 \uc816\uc740 \ub11d\ub9c8\uc758 \uc218\ubd84\uc740 \ubd88\ub85c \ud5a5\ud558\ub294 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uacbd\ud5a5(\uc65c\ub0d0\ud558\uba74 \ubd88\uc740  \ubb3c\uc9c8\uc774 \ud0c0\uba74\uc11c \uadf8\uac83\uacfc \ub354\ubd88\uc5b4 \uac00\ubcbc\uc6b4 \ubb3c\uc9c8\ub4e4\uc744 \uc218\ubc18\ud558\ub294 \ubc18\uc885\uad50\uc801\uc778 \ub2a5\ub825\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4) \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud558\ub298\ub85c \ud5a5\ud558\ub294 \uc21c\uc218 \uc6d0\uc18c\uc758 \uc0c1\uc2b9\uc744 \uc218\ubc18\ud558\ub294 \ubb3c\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc124\uba85\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ub354 \ucda9\ubd84\ud558\uac8c \uc124\uba85\ud560 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc5c6\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4. \uc65c\ub0d0\ud558\uba74 \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub208\uc5d0 \ub744\ub294 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \uc131\ucde8\ub97c \ucda9\ubd84\ud55c \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc774\ub860 \uc5c6\uc774\ub3c4 \uc774\ud574\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub3c4\ub85d \ud574\uc92c\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org2ead8c3\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org2ead8c3\">22<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org2ead8c3\">\n<p> \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \ud574\uba85\ud558\uc600\uace0 \uc774\ub294 Galolean\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \uc911\uad6d \uace0\uc720\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\uacfc  Vincean\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uc5d0\uc11c \ub3c4\ub2ec\ub41c \uc2dc\uc810\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc815\uc758\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uc5ed\uc0ac\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc624\ub798\ub3d9\uc548 \uacc4\uc18d \uae30\uc6d0\ud6c4 12\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc911\ubc18\uc740 \uc720\ub7fd\uc778 \uc0dd\uac01\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc5d0 \uc804\ud658\uc810\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc5b4\ub290\ucabd \uc774\ub4e0 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \ub2e8\uc5b4\uc640\uc758 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc811\ucd09\uc758 \uc790\uadf9 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, 12\uc138\uae30\uc640 13\uc138\uae30\ub294 \uc778\uac04\uc911\uc2ec\uc801\uc778 \uc0c1\uc9d5\uacfc \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uac1d\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc790\uc5f0\uc5d0 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ud765\ubbf8\ub97c \ub454 \uac70\ub300\ud55c \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0ac\uc0c1\uacfc \uc608\uc220 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd94\uc801\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\ub370 \uc774\ub294 \uc2e0\ud559, \uc804\ub840, \uadf9\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc131\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \uace0\ub515\uc591\uc2dd\uc758 \uc790\uc5f0\uc8fc\uc758\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud604\uc2e4\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \ub5a0\uc624\ub984\uae4c\uc9c0\uc774\ub2e4. \ud604\ub300 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uadfc\uc6d0\uc744 \ucd94\uc801\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc774 \uc790\uc5f0\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uc744 \uac04\uacfc\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ub354 \ub192\uc740 \uc608\uc220\uac00(?)\ub294 \ub2e8\uc9c0 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \uc804\uc758 Galilean \ubc29\uc2dd\uc758 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc870\uc9c1\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uc624\ub7ab\ub3d9\uc548 \uc720\ub7fd \ud559\uc790\uc758 \ucca0\ud559 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\ub2e4. \uc720\ub7fd \ud559\uc790\uc758 \ucca0\ud559\uc740 \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5b4 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uac00 \uc774\ub04c\uc5b4 \ub808\uc624\ub098\ub974\ub3c4 \ub2e4\ube48\uce58\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc744 \ud5a5\ud574\uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgc21f5fb\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orgc21f5fb\">23<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orgc21f5fb\">\n<p> \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4\ub294 \uc2e4\uc81c\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uacfc \ub17c\uac70\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd \ub610\ub294 \uc2e4\uc81c\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uad6c\ubcc4\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \ud655\uc778\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud588\ub294\uc9c0\uc758 \uc5b4\ub5a0\ud55c \ud655\uc2e4\ud55c \uadfc\uac70\ub97c \uc8fc\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uc625\uc2a4\ud37c\ub4dc\uc5d0\uc11c 13\uc138\uae30 \ucd08 \ucca0\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4 \uc790\uc2e0\uc5d0\uac8c \uc790\uc5f0\ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \uae4a\uc740 \uc774\ud574\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \ud765\ubbf8\ub97c \uac16\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\uace0,  \ub9ce\uc740 \uc8fc\uc758\ub825\uc740 \uac00\uc124\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\uc640 \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\uc758 \uc2dc\ud5d8\ubc29\ubc95\uc5d0 \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7f0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5f0\uc0c1\ub418\uc5b4\uc9c0\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c \ud30c\ub450\uc544\uc758 \ub300\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \ub354 \ub2a6\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uadf8\uacf3\uc5d0\uc11c Averroism\uc740 \uac15\ud574\uc9c0\uace0 \ub17c\ub9ac\ub294 \ubc95\uc774\ub098 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc758\ud559\uc758 \uc11c\ub450\ub85c\uc368 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. 14\uc138\uae30\uc640 16\uc138\uae30 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \ub17c\uc758\ub294 \uc218\uc2dd\ud654\uc758 \uc911\uc694\uc694\uc18c\ub97c \uc81c\uc678\ud55c \ubc29\ubc95\ub860\uc758 \uc774\ub860\uc5d0 \uc720\ub3c4\ub418\uc5c8\uace0 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc758 \ucd5c\ud6c4\uc758 \uc2e4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc720\uc0ac\uc131\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc92c\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc774\ub860\uc740(\ud30c\ub450\uc544 regressus\ub77c \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294)  \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uac83\uc744 \uc774\uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc774\ub3c4\ub85d \uc0c1\uc138\ud788 \ubd84\uc11d\ud588\ub2e4: <\/p>\n<p> a) \ub17c\uc758 \uc544\ub798 \uc0c1\uc138\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \uadf8 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc758 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc774 \ub418\ub294(\ubd84\uc11d, \ud574\uacb0)\ud2b9\uc9d5\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd, \uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \uade0\ub4f1\uc131\uc758 \ud655\uc2e0 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc2dc\ub8cc\uc758 \ud45c\ubcf8 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud558\uac8c \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \uc644\uc804\ud55c \uacc4\uc0b0 <\/p>\n<p> b) \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud2b9\uc9d5(\ub610\ud55c \ud574\uacb0)\uc758 \uc815\uc218\uc758 \ub9e5\ub77d\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd94\ub9ac\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc6d0\ub9ac\uc758 \uadc0\ub0a9\ubc95 <\/p>\n<p> c) \uc774 \uac00\uc124\uc801 \uc6d0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc0c1\uc138\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\uc758 \uc5f0\uc5ed\ubc95(\uc0dd\uac01\uc758 \uc885\ud569, \uad6c\uc131) <\/p>\n<p> d) \uadf8 \uac19\uc740 \uac83 \ub610\ub294 \ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \uad00\ucc30\uc758 \ud604\uc0c1, \uacbd\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc99d\uac70 \ub610\ub294 \ubc18\uc99d \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub4dc\ubb38 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0  \ud574\uacb0\ub41c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc720\ub3c4 <\/p>\n<p> e) \uacf5\uc2dd\ud654\ub41c \uadf8 \uac00\uc124\uc758 \uc6d0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc218\ub77d \ub610\ub294 \ubc30\uc81c <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgef2e0d9\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orgef2e0d9\">24<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orgef2e0d9\">\n<p> \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \ub354 \ub192\uc740 artisanate(Q:artisanate\uac00 \ubb34\uc2a8 \ub73b\uc778\uc9c0 \ubaa8\ub974\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.) \uc758 \uc5f0\uc2b5\uc740 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \ubc29\ubc95\uc758 \ucc28\uc120\uc758 \ub610\ub294 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \uac00\uae4c\uc6e0\ub358 \ubc18\uba74 \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\ub860\ud654\ub294 \ucd5c\uc120\uc758 \ub610\ub294 \uc0ac\uc0c9\uc801\uc778 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \uc608\uc2dc\ud588\ub358 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801 \uc0ac\uc2e4\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \ub3d9\uc758\uac00 \uc758\uc2ec\uc2a4\ub7ec\uc6b4 \uac00\uc124\uc758 \uad81\uadf9\uc801\uc778 \uac80\uc99d\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc54c\uc558\ub294\uc9c0, \ub610 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\ubbf8 \uac00\uc124 \uac80\uc99d\uc758 \uc694\uc18c\ub85c \uc4f0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740(\uc5b4\uad6c d\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294) \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud604\uc0c1 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc758 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc744 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc774\ud574\ud588\ub294\uc9c0 \uba85\ubc31\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ub354\uc6b1\uc774, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uac00\uc124\uc758 \uc6d0\uc2dc\uc801\uc778 \ud615\ud0dc\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. Robert Grosseteste of Lincoln \uc774 \uc790\uc5f0 \ucca0\ud559\uc758 \uc911\uc694 \uc778\ubb3c\ub85c \uaf3d\ud788\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadc0\ub0a9\ubc95\uacfc \uc5f0\uc5ed\ubc95\uc758 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \uac08\ub808\ub178\uc2a4\uc640 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc790\uc758 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uac00 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\uc73c\uba70, \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uc544\ub77c\ube44\uc544\uc758 \ubc15\uc2dd\ud55c \ud559\uc790\uc778 Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn-Ishaq al-Kindi\uc640 \uc758\ud559\uc790 Ali ibn Ridwan\uc758 \uac83\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org2d42352\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org2d42352\">25<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org2d42352\">\n<p> \ube44\ub85d Grosseteste\uac00 \uc55e\uc73c\ub85c \ub354 \uc870\uc9c1\ud654\ub41c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc774 \uac00\uc124\uc744 \uac80\uc99d\ud558\uace0 \ub17c\ubc15\uc744 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubbff\uc744\uc9c0\ub77c\ub3c4 \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uadf8\uc790\uc2e0\uc774 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc790\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud560 \uc218\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uadf8\ub294 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc790\uc778 \uc601\uad6d\uc0ac\ub78c \ub85c\uac70\ubca0\uc774\ucee8 \uacfc \ud1a0\ub9c8\uc2a4 \ube0c\ub808\ub4dc\uc6cc\ub518 (1290-1349), \uc790\uae30\ud559\uc790\uc778 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc0ac\ub78c \ube0c\ub7ec\uc2a4 \ube0c\ub808\uadf8\ub9ac\ub108\uc2a4 (1260-1270), \uad11\ud559\uc758 \ud3f4 \uc704\ud2c0\ub85c(1230-1280), \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubb34\uc9c0\uac1c\uc774\ub860\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc815\ubc1b\uc740 \ub3c5\uc77c\uc0ac\ub78c \ud14c\uc624\ub3c4\ub9ad(1311)\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c 13\uc138\uae30 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ub07c\ucce4\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uc77c\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uac04\ub3d9\uc548 \uc911\uad6d\uc774 \uaf64 \ube44\uad50\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc744\ub9cc\ud55c \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ud638\uae30\uc2ec\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc 14\uc138\uae30 \ucd08 \ud6c4\uc5d0 \ud1f4\ud654\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \uadf8 \uc2dc\ub300\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc5b8\uc5b4\uc801 \uc2f8\uc6c0\uc774 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc720\ub7fd\uc744 \uc9c0\ubc30\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \uc2dc\ub300 \uc804\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \ub192\uc740 \uc608\uc220\uc131\uc744 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc554\uc2dc\ud588\ub358 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \ud65c\ub3d9\uc744 \ud55c \ub3c5\uc77c\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc778 \uad70\uc0ac \uacf5\ud559\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uc74c\uc774 \ubcf4\uc5ec \uc9c0\ub294 14\uc138\uae30\uc640 15\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uc774 \uc18d\ub3c4\ub85c \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc778 \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uace0\ub824\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc0c1\uc758 \ucc3d\uc2dc\uc790\uc778 \ucf58\ub808\ub4dc \ud0a4\uc368 (1366-1405)\uc640 \uadf8\uc758 \ubca8\ub9ac\ud3ec\ud2f0\uc2a4\ub294 1390\ub144\uc5d0 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub354 \ube60\ub978 \ud615\ud0dc\uac00 \uac19\uc740 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\ubcf4\uc5ec\uc84c\uc73c\uba70 \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud788 \uae30\uacc4\uc640 \uc804\uc7c1\ubb34\uae30\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0c8\ub358 \uaddc\uc774\ub3c4 \ub2e4 \ube44\uac8c\ubc14\ub178(1280-1345) \uac00 \ud14c\uc624\ub3c4\ub9ad\uc774 \uc8fd\uc740 \ud6c4 20\ub144\ubc16\uc5d0 \uc9c0\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc544 \uc644\uc131\ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org5f8567f\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org5f8567f\">26<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org5f8567f\">\n<p> Kyser\ub294 \ucd1d\ud3ec\uc640 \ud654\uc57d\uc758 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uae30\uc220\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc601\uac10\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 Giovanni de fontana(1410~1420), \ud6c4\uc2a4 \uc804\uc7c1\uc758 \uc775\uba85\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uc790(1420~1433)\uacfc Abraham of Memmingen(1422)\ub4f1\ub4f1\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ub9ce\uc740 \uae30\uc220\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ub530\ub77c\uac00\uac8c \ub410\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 Roger bacon\ubd80\ud130 Galileo\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uacc4\ubcf4\uac00 \uc774\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc57d 1310\ub144\uc774\ud6c4\ub85c \ud559\uad6c\uc801\uc778 \ucca0\ud559\uc758 \uacf5\ud5cc\uc740 \uba48\ucdb0 \ubc84\ub838\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 3\uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc2e4\uc81c\uc801\uc778 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \uc720\ud589\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ub204\uad70\uac00 13\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ud559\ubb38\uc774 \ubc1c\uc804\ud55c \uac83\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c 11\uc138\uae30\uc640 12\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ud68d\ub4dd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc2e0\uc720\uad50\uc801 \uc774\ub860\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubb3c\uc74c\uc744 \ub5a0\uc624\ub97c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \uad00\ucc30(&#8216;resolutio&#8217;\uc758 \ub450\ubc88\uc9f8 \ubd80\ubd84)\ub85c \ubd80\ud130 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801 \uc6d0\ub9ac\uc758 \uadc0\ub0a9\uc740 \uadfc\uc6d0\uc801\uc778 \ub610\ub294 \uace0\uc720\uc758 \uc591\uc2dd\ub4e4\uc758 \uad00\ucc30\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc2e0\uc720\uad50\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0\uc5d0\uc11c \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc774\ub2e4.\ub204\uad70\uac00 \uc774\ub807\uac8c Hsu Heng(1209~1281)\uc5d0\uac8c \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4: <\/p>\n<p> \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc138\uc0c1 \ub9cc\ubb3c\uc758 \uc591\uc2dd\ub4e4\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc774\ud574(\uaddc\uba85)\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74, \uc138\uc0c1 \ub9cc\ubb3c\uc740 \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \uadf8\uac83\uc73c\ub85c\uc368\uc758 \uc774\uc720\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc57c\ub9cc \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\uae4c? \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub610\ud55c \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uc21c\uc751\ud560 \uc218 \ubc16\uc5d0 \uc5c6\ub294 (\ub2e4\ub978 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\ub4e4\uc758 \uacf5\uc874\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c) \uaddc\uce59\uc744 \uac00\uc838\uc57c\ub9cc \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\uae4c? \uc774 \uac83\uc740 \uc591\uc2dd\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc758\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\uae4c? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgd7efb8c\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orgd7efb8c\">27<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orgd7efb8c\">\n<p> Hsu Heng\uc740 \uae30\uc220\uc801 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc758\ubbf8\ub97c \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ud55c \uc774 \ub9d0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \ub3d9\uc758\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0dd\ubb3c\uacfc \uc0ac\uac74\ub4e4\uc758 \uc2dc\uacf5\uac04\uc801 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0\uc11c\ub098 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 Li\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uacb0\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4. \u2018\uc5b4\ub514\ub4e0\uac04\uc5d0 li\ub294 \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4.\u2019Chheung I-Chhuan\uc774 \ub9d0\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \u2018\ub3d9\uc740 \ub3d9\uc774\uace0 \uc11c\ub294 \uc11c\uc774\ub2e4.\u2019. \uc2e0\uc720\uad50\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uadc0\ub0a9\ubc95 \uc720\uc0ac\uacfc\uc815\uc758 \uc911\uc694\uc5b4\uad6c\ub294 Ta Hsueh(Great Learning)\uc758 \ubcf8\ubb38\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc778\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \u2018\uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ud655\uc7a5\uc774\ub780 \uc5b4\ub5a4\uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c\ub2e4.\u2019 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uc774 \ubb38\uad6c\uac00 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc \ub610 \ub9ce\uc740 \uac83\ub4e4\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ubcf4\ub294\ub370\uc5d0 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uad00\uc810\uc744 \uac16\uac8c \ud558\uc600\uace0 \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ud328\ud134\uc758 \uad6c\uc131\uc131\ubd84\ub4e4\uc774 \ucc28\uce30 \uc55e\ub4a4\uac00 \ub9de\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \uc0c1\uc9d5\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ub9de\ucdb0\uc9c0\uace0 \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc758 \uc9d1\uacc4\ud310\uc5d0 \uc758\ubbf8\uc788\ub294 \ubc30\uc5f4\uc744 \uac16\uac8c \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \ub2e4\uc591\uc131\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc790\uc5f0\uc801 \ud328\ud134\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc6b0\ub824\ub294 \u2018\uad00\uacc4\uc9d3\uae30\u2019, \u2018\ud1b5\ucc30\ud558\uae30\u2019, \u2018\uc0c1\ud638\uad00\uacc4\uc9d3\uae30\u2019 \ub4f1\uc758 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uacb0\ub860\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc5fd\uc804 \uad6c\uba4d\uc5d0 \uc2e4\uc774 \uaff0\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\ub294 \uadf8\ub9bc\uc744 \uc0c1\uc0c1\ud574\ubcf4\uba74 \ub41c\ub2e4. Chheung\uc758 \ud615\uc81c\uc911 \ud55c\uba85\uc774 \ub9d0\ud558\uc600\ub4ef \u2018\uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \ub9d0\uc744 \ub4e3\uac70\ub098, \uc0ac\uac74\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ubc30\uc6b0\uba74 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uadf8 \ub9d0\uc774\ub098 \uc0ac\uac74\uc5d0 \ud55c\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc65c\ub0d0\ud558\uba74 \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0c1\ud638\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uac00\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc5c6\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.\u2019. Chheung\uc758 \ub610\ub2e4\ub978 \uc11c\uc220\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org66e64b6\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org66e64b6\">28<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org66e64b6\">\n<p> \ud328\ud134\ub4e4\uc744 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc774\ud574(\uaddc\uba85)\ud558\ub824 \ub178\ub825\ud558\ub294 \uc911\uc5d0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc138\uc0c1\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubb34\uc218\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\ub4e4\uc758 \ud328\ud134\uc744 \ucca0\uc800\ud558\uace0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uc870\uc0ac\ud558\ub824 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc774 \ud328\ud134\ub4e4\uc911\uc5d0 \uc624\uc9c1 \ud55c\uac1c\ub97c \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \ubaa9\uc801\uc744 \ub2ec\uc131\ud558\ub824 \ud558\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \ub2e8\uc9c0 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc591\uc758 \ud604\uc0c1\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd95\uc801\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \ud328\ud134\ub4e4\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0\uc2a4\ub808 \uba85\ubc31\ud574 \uc9c8 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ud55c\uac00\uc9c0 \uac83\uc774\ub098 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uc791\uc740 \uadf8\ub8f9\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uc911\ud558\ub294\uac83\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\ub294 Chheng \ud615\uc81c\ub4e4\uc758 \ud655\uc2e0\uc740 \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uacfc\ud559\uc801\ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\uc99d\ud588\uc744\ub54c \uc911\uad6d\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud2b9\ud788 \ud765\ubbf8\ub86d\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ub204\uad70\uac00 Chheng I-Chhaun\uc5d0\uac8c \ubb3c\uc5c8\ub2e4 &#8216;\ubaa8\ub4e0\uac83\ub4e4\uc744 \uc870\uc0ac\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\uae4c \uc544\ub2c8\uba74 \ud55c\uac00\uc9c0\uac83\uc744 \uc870\uc0ac\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uac04\ub2e8\ud788 \ubb34\uc218\ud55c \ud328\ud134\ub4e4\uc744 \uc54c\uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\uae4c?'(I-Chhuan\uc774 \ub300\ub2f5\ud588\ub2e4) &#8220;\uc544\ub2c8\uc624 \ub300\uc2e0\uc5d0 \uc774 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0c1\ud638\uad00\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\ud574\uac00 \ud544\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 Yen Tzu\ub3c4 \uc624\uc9c1\ud55c\uac1c\uc758 \uac83\ub9cc\uc744 \uc870\uc0ac\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0\uac83\uc758 \ud328\ud134\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\ud574\ub97c \uc2dc\ub3c4\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud55c\uac00 \ud558\uba74 \ub9e4\uc77c \ud55c\uac1c\ub97c \uc870\uc0ac\ud55c\ub4a4\uc5d0 \ub2e4\ub978\uac78 \uc870\uc0ac\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub2e4\ubcf4\uba74 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc758 \uae34 \ucd95\uc801 \ub05d\uc5d0 \ub3cc\uc5f0 \uc0c1\ud638\uad00\uacc4\uc758 \uc0c1\ud0dc\uc18d\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0a0 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.&#8217; <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org8b2e3b5\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org8b2e3b5\">29<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org8b2e3b5\">\n<p> \uc790\uae30\uad00\ucc30\uc740 \uc678\ubd80\uc790\uc5f0\ud559\ubb38\uc744 \ub300\uc2e0\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub610\ub2e4\uc2dc \ub204\uad70\uac00\uac00 &#52705;\uc774\ucd28 \uc5d0\uac8c \ubb3c\uc5c8\ub2e4, \u201c\uc678\ubd80\uc758\uac83\uc744 \uad00\ucc30\ud558\uace0 \uadf8 \uc790\uc2e0\uc5d0\ub300\ud574 \uc870\uc0ac\ud560 \ub54c, \uc5b4\ub5a4\uac83\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb34\uc5b8\uac00\uac00 \ubc8c\uc368 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc7ac \ud655\uc778 \ud574\uc57c\ud558\ub098\uc694?\u201c (\uadf8\ub294 \ub300\ub2f5\ud588\ub2e4) \u201d \uadf8\ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ud574\uacb0\ud560 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e8\ub2e4. \uc678\ubd80\uc138\uacc4\uc640 \uadf8 \uc790\uc2e0\uc740 \ud55c\uac00\uc9c0 \ud070 \uacf5\ud1b5 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774 \uc788\ub2e8\ub2e4, \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \uc774\ud574\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uba74 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ud655\uc2e4\ud788 \uc774\ud574\uac00 \ub418\uc9c0. \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc6b0\uc8fc \uc678\ubd80\uc640 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc758 \ub3c4\ub780\ub2e4.\u201c \ud559\uc790\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc790\uc5f0(\uadf9\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ud558\ub298\uc758 \uace0\ub3c4\uc640 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc758 \ubc00\ub3c4-)\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uad00\uce21\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub824 \ub178\ub825\ud574\uc57c\ud55c\ub2e4  \ub610 \ub2e4\ub974\uac8c\ub294 \uc791\uace0(\ubbf8\uc138\ud55c)\uac83\uc774 \uc65c \uadf8\ub7f0\uac83\uc778\uc9c0 \ub2e4\ub978 \ub204\uad70\uac00\uac00 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. \ud655\uc7a5\ub41c \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc5d0\uc11c, \ub2f9\uc2e0\uc740 \ub124\uac1c\uc758 \uae30\uc6d0\uc758 \ub9e8\ucc98\uc74c(\uc9c0\uad6c\uc758 \ud328\ud134)\uc744 \ucc3e\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub9d0\ud558\uaca0\ub290\ub0d0? \ucca0\ud559\uc790\uac00 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\uc744 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc \uc5f4\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc3e\ub294\uac83\uc740 \ubb3c\ub860 \uc26c\uc6b4\uc77c\uc774\uba70 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc0b6\uacfc \ubc00\uc811\ud574\uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud480 \uc78e\uc0ac\uadc0\uc640 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ub098\ubb34\ub294 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ud328\ud134\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70 \uc774\uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \uc870\uc0ac\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc870\ub958,\ub3d9\ubb3c,\uc2dd\ubb3c\uacfc \ub098\ubb34\uc758 \uba85\uce6d\ub4e4(\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud2b9\uc131\ub4e4)\uc758 \ud3ed\ub113\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc740 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc758 \uc774\ud574\uc5d0 \uc811\uadfc\ud558\ub294 \ud55c \ubc29\ubc95\uc774\ub2e4. \ub9cc\uc57d \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc544\uc9c1 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\uba74 \uc911\uc138\uc720\ub7fd \ud559\uc790\uc758 \uc0ac\uc0c1\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uac00\uae4c\uc6b4 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org8585e3e\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org8585e3e\">30<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org8585e3e\">\n<p> \uac8c\ub2e4\uac00, \uc5f0\uc5ed\ubc94\uc758 \uc5ed\uacfc\uc815 \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub294 \uaddc\uce59\uc801\uc778 \ubb34\ub2ac\uc758 \ud655\uc7a5 \ub610\ub294 \ub4f1\uae09\uc758 \ud655\uc7a5 \uc548\uc758 \ub4f1\uac00\ubb3c\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uac83 \uac19\ub2e4. \ub54c\ub85c\ub294 \ud6c4\uc790\uc758 \ub9d0\uc740 \uc720\ucd94\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ucd94\ub860\uc758 \uc758\uacac \uc548\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.Chheng Ming- Tao\ub294 \uc774\ub807\uac8c \uc37c\ub2e4:  \ubb34\uc218\ud55c \uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \ubaa8\ub450 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5ed\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4; \uc88b\uc740\uac83\uacfc \ub098\uc05c\uac83, \uc74c\uacfc \uc591\uc758 \ucc29\ub82c\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc591\uc774 \ucee4\uc9c0\uace0 \uc74c\uc774 \uc791\uc544\uc9c8 \ub54c\ub294 \uc88b\uc740\uac83\uc774 \uc99d\uac00\ud558\uace0 \uc0ac\uc545\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \ucd95\uc18c\ub420 \ub54c \uc774\ub2e4. \uba3c\uac83\uacfc \ub113\uc740\uac83\uc740 \uc774 \uaddc\uce59\uc801\uc778 \ubb34\ub2ac\uc758 \ud655\ub300\uc774\ub2e4.  \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ub534\uacf3\uc73c\ub85c,  \uc870\uc9c1\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc870\uc0ac\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \ubb34\ub2ac\ub97c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud604\uc0c1\ub4e4\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc0c5\uc0c5\uc774 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc758 \ubb3c\uc74c\uc740 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \ub9cc\uc57d \ubb34\ub2ac\uac00 \uc624\uc9c1 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ub41c\ub2e4\uba74, \ucd94\ub860\uc740 \uac19\uc740 \ub4f1\uae09\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub9cc\ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.  \ub450 \uacfc\uc815\uc740 Chheng I-Chhuan\uc758 \ub9d0\ub85c \uc9c4\uc220\ub41c \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. \ubc14\uae65\ucabd\uc774 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ubc30\uc6b0\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uc548\ucabd\uc5d0\uc11c \uc7a1\ub294 \uac83, \uc544\ub9c8 \uc774\ud574\ub85c \ubd88\ub9b4 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uc548\ucabd\uc744 \uc7a1\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uac83\uacfc \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \ud1b5\ud569\uc774\ub77c \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 \uac83\uc758 \ubc14\uae65\ucabd\uc778\uc9c0\uc640 \ud568\uaed8\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc9c0\uae08 \ud1b5\ud569\uacfc \uc774\ud574\ub294 \ud558\ub098\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org93a98d0\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org93a98d0\">31<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org7fbb9bd\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org7fbb9bd\">32<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org7fbb9bd\">\n<p> \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ub178\ub974\ub9cc\uc0ac\ub78c\uacfc Tartaglia\uacfc \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\ub294 \u2018\ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \uc7a5\uc778\u2019\uc758 \ub300\ud45c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ud48d\ubd80\ud588\uace0,&#8217;  \ub610\ud55c Grosseteste\uc640 Paduans\uc640 \uc0dd\uac01\uc774 \uc77c\uce58\ud55c \uc911\uc138\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \uc810\uc774\ub2e4. \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uba74\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ucca0\ud559\uc790\ub97c \uadfc\ub300\uc758 \uc720\ud559\uc790\uc640 \ube44\uad50\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc5ec\ud558\ud2bc \uc5b8\uc81c\ub098 \uc804\uc758\ub294 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \ub3d9\uc815\uc744 \uc810\uc720\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc0c1\ud558\uac8c\ub3c4 \ub300\uc870\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc9c4\uc220 2 \uad8c\uc740 2 \ud559\uad50\uc758 \uc5b4\ub290 \uac83\uc774 \uc815\ub9d0\ub85c \ub354 \uacfc\ud559\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub354 \ub9c8\uc74c\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uac00\ub9ac\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.Thomas Aquinas(1226\ub144\uc5d0\uc11c 1274\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0)\uc740 &#8216;\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uac00\uc7a5 \ub192\uc740 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc57d\uac04\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc774 \ub0ae\uc740 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uac00\uc7a5 \ud48d\ubd80\ud55c \uc9c0\uc2dd\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \ub0ab\ub2e4&#8217;\ub77c\uace0 \uc37c\ub2e4.Chheng Ming Tao(1032\ub155\uc5d0\uc11c 1085\uae4c\uc9c0)\uc740 \ubd88\uad50\ub3c4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub9d0\ud558\uae38: &#8216;\uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \ubc95\uc5d0\ub300\ud55c \uacf5\ubd80 \uc5c6\uc774 \ub192\uc740\uac83\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub824 \ud798\uc4f8 \ub54c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub192\uc740 \uac83\uc758 \uc774\ud574\uac00 \uc633\uc740 \uac83\uc784\uc740 \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\uae4c?\u2018\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b8 \ub54c \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801 \uc6d0\uc778\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ucd08\uc790\uc5f0\uc801\uc77c \ub54c \ud574\uc9c0\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc704\ud574 16\uc138\uae30\uc640 17\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ubaa8\ub358 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc740 \uc784\uc2dc\ub85c \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc870\uc2ec\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubc1c\uc804\uc740 \uace0\ub9bd\ub41c \ud604\uc0c1\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4;\uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uc640 \uac1c\ud601\uacfc \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uc81c\uc870\uac00 \ub530\ub978 \uc0c1\uc778\uc758 \uc790\ubcf8\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc99d\uac00\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uade0\ub4f1\ud558\uac8c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgc613af5\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orgc613af5\">33<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orgc613af5\">\n<p> \uc624\uc9c1 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \ubcd1\ubc1c\ud55c \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801, \uacbd\uc81c\uc801\uc758 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uac00 \uc790\uc5f0 \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uacb0\uad6d \ub354 \ub192\uc740 \uc900 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uae30\uc220\uc790\ub4e4\uc774(the semi mathematical technicians) \uc7a5\uc778\uc758 \uc218\uc900\uc744 \ub118\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ud658\uacbd\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uac83\uc77c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc9c8\uc758 \uc591\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \ubcc0\ud615, \ub208\uc5d0 \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc758 \ubc30\ud6c4\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \ud655\uc5b8, \uc628 \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc758 \uc77c\uc815\ud55c \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc640 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5; \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc0c1\uc778\uc758 \uac00\uce58\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uacfc \ub2ee\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub358\uac00? \ud6a8\uc6a9 (\uc774\uc775)\ub3c4 \uc0c1\ud488\ub3c4, \ubcf4\uc11d\ub3c4 \ub3c8\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \uacc4\uc0b0\ub418\uace0 \uc22b\uc790, \uc591\uc73c\ub85c, \uacc4\ub7c9\uc73c\ub85c \uad50\ud658\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4 \uc911 \ub9ce\uc740 \ud754\uc801\uc744 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\uc11c \ucc3e\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubcf5\uc2dd \ubd80\uae30\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uc758 \ud559\ubb38\uc0c1 \uacf5\uac1c\ub294 16\uc138\uae30 \ucd08 Luca Pacioli\uc758 [Summa de Arithmetica]\ub77c\ub294 \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc218\ud559 \uad50\uacfc\uc11c\uc5d0 \ub2f4\uaca8\uc788\ub2e4. \ubcf5\uc2dd \ubd80\uae30\uac00 \ucd5c\ucd08\ub85c \uacf5\uacf5 \uc7ac\uc815\uacfc \ud589\uc815\uc5d0 \uc801\uc6a9\ub41c \uac83\uc740 \uae30\uc220 \uc218\ud559\uc790 Simon Stevin\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4. \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 Copernicus\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub3c4 \uae08\uc735 \uac1c\ud601\uc5d0 \uad00\ud574 \uc37c\ub2e4. (\uadf8\uc758 \ucc45 Monaetae Cudandae Ratio of 1552\ub144) \ub4f1\ud638\uac00 \ucd5c\ucd08\ub85c \uc4f0\uc5ec\uc9c4 Robert Recorde\uc758 \ucc45\uc740 &#8216;\uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5ec\ud589(Q;travell?)\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc0c1\ud488\uc758 \uacc4\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \uc99d\uac00&#8217;\ub97c \ubc14\ub77c\uba74\uc11c &#8216;\uad00\ub8cc\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc Moscovia\ub85c \uac00\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubca4\ucc98 \uae30\uc5c5\ub4e4&#8217;\uc5d0\uac8c \ubc14\uccd0\uc84c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org4f332d1\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org4f332d1\">34<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org4f332d1\">\n<p> Stevin\uc758 Disme\uc740 &#8216;\ubaa8\ub4e0 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc790\uc640 \uce21\ub7c9\uc790\uc640 \ud0dc\ud53c\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub9ac\uc758 \uce58\uc218\ub97c \uc7ac\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uacfc \ubc30\ub7f4\uacfc \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc870\ud3d0\uad6d\uc7a5\uacfc \uc0c1\uc778, \uc88b\uc740 \uc6b4&#8217;\uc774\ub780 \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub85c \uc5f0\ub2e4. \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \ub300\ub2e8\ud558\uace0 \uc774\uae30\uc2ec\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc120\uad50\uc0ac\uc758 \uce5c\ucc99\uc778, Francesco Ricci\ub294  +1659 \ub144\uc5d0 Macerata\uc5d0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c\uac83\uc744 \ucd9c\ud310\ud588\ub2e4. \ub9c9\uc5f0\ud788 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uc608\uac00 \uc99d\ub300\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc0c1\uc5c5\uacfc \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc740 \u2018in the air\u2019\uc5d0 \uacb0\ucf54 \uc788\uc9c0\uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub358 \uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uae30\uc220 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uad00\uacc4\uc640 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \ucd9c\uc0dd\uc778 socio \uacbd\uc81c \uc0c1\ud669\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uacfc\ud559 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc758 \ub300\ub2e8\ud55c \ub17c\uc7c1\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ub098\uc911\uc5d0 \uadf8\uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uac00\uc57c \ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub098\ub294 \ub54c\uac00 \ub418\uba74 \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uade0\ubd84 \ub860\uc790 \uad00\ub8cc\uc801\uc778 \ub3c4\uc790\uae30\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \ubb38\uba85\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\uac00 \uc11c\ucabd\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubbff\ub294\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uba74 Koyre \ube44\ud310 \uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ud3ec\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc6d0\uc778\uc778 socio \uacbd\uc81c \uc774\ub860\uc740 \uce74\uc2dc\ub7ec\uc640 \ud568\uaed8 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc774\uc2a4 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \ub9cc\ud07c \uad00\ub150\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ud53c\ud0c0\uace0\ub77c\uc2a4 \uc544\ub798 \uc7ac\ubc1c\uacac\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uc5ec \uc790\uadf9\ud574 \uc9c4 \uae68\ub057\uc774 \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc778 \ud750\ub984\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc758 \ud655\uc2e4\ud55c \ubd80\ubd84\uc774\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uadf8\ub294 \ubd80\uc871\ud558\uac8c socio \uacbd\uc81c \uc774\ub860\uc758 \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc790\uac00 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc758 \uc790\uce58\uad8c\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \uc804\uac1c\ub97c \uace0\ub824\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud55c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgf00fa53\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"orgf00fa53\">35<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-orgf00fa53\">\n<p> \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \uc77c\ub4e4\uc744 \uc704\uc758 \uc77c\ub828\uc758 \uc0ac\uac74\ub4e4\uacfc \ube44\uad50\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740&amp;nbsp;\uc720\uc775\ud55c \uc77c\uc774\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\uc740&amp;nbsp;\ubc30\uc758 \uc5ed\ud559, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ub113\uc740 \uc218\ub85c\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uc815\uc218\ud559(\ub124\ub35c\ub780\ub4dc\uc778\uacfc \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c), \ud654\ub825\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud0c4\ub3c4\ud559(\uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc720\ub7fd\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc774\ubbf8 4 \uc138\uae30 \uc804\uc5d0 \ud654\uc57d\uc744 \ubcf4\uc720\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.), \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uad11\uc0b0\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud38c\ud504\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uac83\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\uc5b4\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uadf8\ub807\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\uba74 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uac83\uc5d0\uc11c \uc870\uae08\uc758 \uc774\uc775\ub3c4 \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uba85\ubc31\ud558\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uacfc \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc740 \uc704\uc758 &#8216;semi-mathematical&#8217; \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b8\uae09\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uacfc \ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc4f4 \ucc45\uc5d0\uc11c&amp;nbsp;\ub9d0\ud558\ub294 \ubc14\uc640 \uac19\uc774&amp;nbsp;\ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc218 \uc138\uae30\ub3d9\uc548 \uad00\ub8cc\uc801\uc778 \uc5b5\uc555 \ud639\uc740 \ubcf4\ud638\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \ucc9c\ucc9c\ud788 \uc131\uc7a5\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubaa8\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \uc0c1\uc778\uc774\ub098 \ud22c\uae30\uc790\uac00 \ud070 \uc774\uc724\uc744&amp;nbsp;\ucd94\uad6c\ud55c \uac83\uacfc \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc740 \uc911\uad6d \uc81c\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\ub978 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ub2e8\uccb4\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uc911\uc694\uc2dc\ub41c \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ube44\ub85d \uae30\uc5b5\uc740 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud558\ub298 \uc544\ub798 \uc788\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \ub2ec\ub825\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub2e4\uc74c \uacfc\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcfc \uac83\uc73c\ub85c, \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc740 \ubb34\uc2dc\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org15ac8e4\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org15ac8e4\">36<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org15ac8e4\">\n<p> \ub9cc\uc57d\uc5d0 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc5d0 \uc790\uc728\uc801\uc778 \uc9c4\ud654\uac00 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc744 \uc218\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ud558\uac8c \ub418\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc9c0\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4\uba74, \uc774 \uc0ac\uac74\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4&amp;nbsp;\ub098\uc57c \ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc544\ub2c8, \uc774\ubbf8 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub294\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub978\ub2e4. \ub9cc\uc57d\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc774 \ucda9\ubd84\ud55c \uacbd\uc7c1\ub825\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub354\ub77c\uba74 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub358 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubc1c\uacac\uc774 \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. Q: (\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uadfc\ub300\uc801\uc778 \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc124 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ucda9\ubd84\ud55c \uc6d0\ub3d9\ub825\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4\uc8fc\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4.(\uc774 \ubd80\ubd84 \ud574\uc11d\uc774 \uc62c\ubc14\ub978\uc9c0 \uc54c\uace0\uc2f6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.)) \ud1a0\ucc29\uc801\uc778 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \ubb34\ub364\uc73c\ub85c \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c0\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uace0, Mei Ku-Chheng(?)\uc758 \ud6c4\uacc4\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\uac83\uc744 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc77c\uc73c\ud0a4\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uc131\uacf5\ud588\uc744 \ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud558\uc790\uba74, \uc911\uad6d \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc0dd\ub3d9\uc801\uc778 \uc694\uad6c\uac00 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uc790\uc5f0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud765\ubbf8\ub294 \ucda9\ubd84\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \ud1b5\uc81c\ub41c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc740 \ubd80\uc871\ud588\uace0, \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \uadc0\ub0a9\ub3c4 \ucda9\ubd84\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\uc73c\uba70, eclipse\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc608\uacac\uc774\ub098 \ub2ec\ub825 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\ub3c4 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ubd80\uc871\ud55c \uc810\uc744 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0c8\ub2e4. \uba85\ubc31\ud55c \uc810\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc911\uc0c1\uc8fc\uc758 \ubb38\ud654 \ud558\ub098 \ub9cc\ud07c\uc740 \ub18d\uc5c5\uc744 \uc911\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \uad00\ub8cc\uc801 \ubb38\uba85\uc774 \uc774\ub8e8\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uac83\uc744 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\ub0c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uace7, \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uad6c\ubd84\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\ub358 \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uc790\uc5f0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ud4e8\uc804\uc744 \ub73b\ud55c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ubc88\uc5ed\ud558\ub2e4\uac00 \uc911\uad6d\uc5b4 \uc74c\ub9cc \uc801\ud600\uc788\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0 \uac19\uc774 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc774 \ud798\ub4e0 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uc790\uc2e0\uc774 \ubc88\uc5ed\ud574 \uc62c\ub9b4 \uc7a5\uc18c\uc5d0 Q: \ub97c \uc4f0\uace0 \ubb38\uc758\ud558\uc138\uc694. \ub450 \uad04\ud638 (( )) \uc548\uc758 \ubb38\uc7a5\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc758 \uc6d0\ub798 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uace0\uce58\uace0 \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \ub9ce\uc740 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uad04\ud638 \uc548\uc5d0 \ub0a8\uaca8 \ub450\uc5c8\uc5b4\uc694. \ube44\uad50\ud574 \ubcf4\uc138\uc694. \uc219\uc81c\uac00 \ub300\ucda9 \ub9c8\uccd0\uc9c0\uace0 \ud55c\ubc88 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc744 \uac80\ud1a0\ud558\uace0 \ub098\uba74 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uc62e\uaca8 \uc77d\uae30 \uc27d\uac8c \ud560\uaed8\uc694. &#8221;&#8217;\uc911\uad6d\uacfc \uc11c\uc591\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uacfc\ud559&#8221;&#8217; 1 (.\/) &#8230; <a title=\"Needham&#8217;s Math and Sci in China and the West \ubc88\uc5ed\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/2007\/10\/14\/needhams-math-and-sci-in-china-and-the-west-%eb%b2%88%ec%97%ad\/\" aria-label=\"Needham&#8217;s Math and Sci in China and the West \ubc88\uc5ed\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub354 \uc790\uc138\ud788 \uc54c\uc544\ubcf4\uc138\uc694\">\ub354 \uc77d\uae30<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3436","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"distributor_meta":false,"distributor_terms":false,"distributor_media":false,"distributor_original_site_name":"\uae40\uc601\uc6b1","distributor_original_site_url":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim","push-errors":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3436","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3436"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3436\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3437,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3436\/revisions\/3437"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3436"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3436"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3436"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}