{"id":3456,"date":"2007-12-09T17:18:00","date_gmt":"2007-12-09T08:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/?p=3456"},"modified":"2021-08-12T11:54:59","modified_gmt":"2021-08-12T02:54:59","slug":"needhams-math-and-sci-in-china-and-the-west-%eb%b2%88%ec%97%ad-2007","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/2007\/12\/09\/needhams-math-and-sci-in-china-and-the-west-%eb%b2%88%ec%97%ad-2007\/","title":{"rendered":"Needham&#8217;s Math and Sci in China and the West \ubc88\uc5ed 2007"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul class=\"org-ul\">\n<li>\ubc88\uc5ed\ud558\ub2e4\uac00 \uc911\uad6d\uc5b4 \uc74c\ub9cc \uc801\ud600\uc788\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0 \uac19\uc774 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc774 \ud798\ub4e0 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uc790\uc2e0\uc774 \ubc88\uc5ed\ud574 \uc62c\ub9b4 \uc7a5\uc18c\uc5d0 Q: \ub97c \uc4f0\uace0 \ubb38\uc758\ud558\uc138\uc694.<\/li>\n<li>(.\/) &#8221;&#8217;\ud45c\uc2dc\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uc808\uc740 \ub0b4(\uae40\uc601\uc6b1)\uac00 \uac80\ud1a0\ub97c \ub9c8\uce58\uace0 \uc218\uc815\ud55c \uc808\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc808\uc740 \uc77d\uc5b4\ubcf4\uae30\ub9cc \ud558\uace0 \ub2e4\uc2dc \ubc88\uc5ed\ud560 \ud544\uc694 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.&#8221;&#8217;<\/li>\n<li>&#8221;&#8217;\uac01 \uc870\ub294 \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc774 \ubc88\uc5ed\ud560 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc815\ud558\uace0, \uc774 \uacf3 \uac01 \uc808 \uc2dc\uc791\ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \uc870 \ubc88\ud638\ub97c \uc801\uc740 \ud6c4 \uadf8 \uc808\uc744 \ubc88\uc5ed\ud558\uba74 \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.&#8221;&#8217;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org1cb3a93\" class=\"outline-2\">\n<h2 id=\"org1cb3a93\">\uc911\uad6d\uacfc \uc11c\uc591\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uacfc\ud559<\/h2>\n<div class=\"outline-text-2\" id=\"text-org1cb3a93\">\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgf9fe246\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgf9fe246\">1<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgf9fe246\">\n<p> (.\/) \ube44\ub85d \uc55e\uc758 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\ub4e4\uc774 \uc7a5 \uc218\uac00 \ub9ce\uc558\ub358 \uac83\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcfc \ub54c, \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\uc544 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc804\uccb4\ub97c \ubcf4\uc870\ud558\ub294 \ub9cc\ud07c \uc790\uae30 \uc790\uc2e0\ub9cc\uc758 \ubd84\uc57c\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \uc0dd\uac01\ud574 \ubcf4\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc758 \ud3c9\uac00\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacb0\ub860\uc740 \ud604\uc7ac \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \uacc4\ud68d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774 \ucd08\uc810\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uc220\ub420 \uac83\uc778\uc9c0\ub97c \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc5d0\uac8c \uc54c\ub824\uc900\ub2e4. \uace0\ub300\uc640 \uc911\uc138\uc758 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uacfc\ud559\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \uba85\ud655\ud788 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uac00? \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uacb0\ud569\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\ub418\uace0 \uc138\uc0c1\uc744 \ubc14\uafb8\ub3c4\ub85d \uc6b4\uba85\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc84c\uc744 \ub54c \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubb34\uc2a8 \uc77c\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uc5c8\ub294\uac00? \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc65c \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc5b4\ub290 \uacf3\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub294\uac00? \uc774\uc81c \uc774\ub7f0 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc774 \ub098\uc624\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uccab\ubc88\uc9f8 \ud574\uc57c\ud560 \uc77c\uc740 \ubc14\ub77c\ubcf4\ub294 \uc2dc\uac01\uc744 \ubc14\ub974\uac8c \uac16\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc774\uc804 \uc18c\uc218\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8 \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0 \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \uadf8 \uc5c5\uc801\uc758 \uc591\uacfc \ud798\uc5d0\uc11c \uc804\ud600 \ube44\uad50\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c, \uace0\ub300 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uacf5\ud5cc\uc744 \ud604\ub300 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \ucc99\ub3c4\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc7ac\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc790\uc2e0\uc744 \uc2dc\uc791 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub97c \uac70\uce5c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc704\uce58\uc5d0 \ub450\uace0 \uadf8\uac83\uc774 &#8221;&#8217;\uadf8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c&#8221;&#8217; \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6e0\ub294\uac00\ub97c \uc54c\ub824\uace0 \ub178\ub825\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ub178\ub825\uacfc \uc9c0\uc801\uc778 \ube44\ud310\uc73c\ub85c \uc7ac\uc5b4\ubcf4\uba74, &#8221;\uad6c\uc7a5\uc0b0\uc220&#8221;\uc758 \uc800\uc790\ub098 &#8221;\ucc9c\uc6d0\uc220&#8221; \ub300\uc218 \ucc3d\uc2dc\uc790\uac00 \uc774\ub8e9\ud55c \uc77c\uc774 19\uc138\uae30 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc218\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\ub97c \uc5f0 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5c5\uc801\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub35c \ud798\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0\ub294 \ub204\uad6c\ub3c4 \ub9d0\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgd67bf4c\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgd67bf4c\">2<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgd67bf4c\">\n<p> (.\/) \ube44\uad50\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc720\uc77c\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uace0\ub300 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uadf8 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \ubc14\ube4c\ub85c\ub2c8\uc544\ub098 \uc774\uc9d1\ud2b8, \uc778\ub3c4, \uc544\ub78d\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc808\uc5d0\uc5d0 \uae30\uc220\ub41c \uc124\uba85\uc774 \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc774 \ub610\ud55c \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \uad6c\uc138\uacc4 \uc911\uc138\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uacfc \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uacac\uc904\ub9cc \ud558\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc99d\uba85\ud574\uc900\ub2e4. \uc720\ud074\ub9ac\ub4dc\uc5d0\uac8c\uc11c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc9c0\ub294 \ub354 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \ud2b9\uc9d5\ub9cc \ubcf8\ub2e4\uba74, \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc758\uc2ec\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0 \uc5c6\uc774 \ub192\uc740 \uc218\uc900\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc544\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \uc911\uad6d\uc774 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \ubd84\uc57c(\ub354 \uc815\ud655\ud788\ub294, \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \ubc14\ube4c\ub85c\ub2c8\uc544\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc744 \ud1a0\ub300\ub85c\ud55c)\uc989, \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc11c\ud22c\ub974\uace0 \ubc1c\uc804\uc774 \ub354\ub3a0\ub2e4. &#8216;\ub354 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \ud2b9\uc9d5 \ub9cc&#8217; &#8211; \uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uadf8\ub4e4 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\uc758 \ub9d0\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\uc758 \uc0ac\uace0\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4, \uccb4\uacc4\uc131\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \uc758\uc2ec\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc131\uc740 \uc804\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub4dd \ubfd0\uc774\uc5c8\uc744\uae4c? \uacfc\ud559\uc0ac\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uc218\ud559\uc774 \uc774\ub860\uc801, \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801, \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uac83\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uc9c0\ub098\uce58\uac8c \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801, \ucd94\ub860\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc5d0 \uce58\uc6b0\uce5c \uac83\uc774 \uc804\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc775\uc774\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc758\ubb38\uc744 \ud488\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. Whitehead\uc758 \ub9d0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 : <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgf04d144\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgf04d144\">3<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgf04d144\">\n<p> (.\/) \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uae30\ucd08\uc801\uc778 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\uace0 \uac70\uae30\uc5d0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ub35b\ubd99\uc600\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ucc29\uac01\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ubc18\ub300\uac00 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc5d0 \ub354 \uac00\uae5d\ub2e4: \uc989, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uace0\uae09\uc2a4\ub7ec\uc6b4 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0 \uacb0\ucf54 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uae30\ucd08\uc801\uc778 \uac83\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4&#x2026; Weirerstrass\uc758 \ub9ac\ubbf8\ud2b8 \uc774\ub860\uacfc Cantor\uc758 \uc810\uc9d1\ud569\uc774\ub860\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc2dd \uc0ac\uace0 \ubc29\uc2dd\uacfc \ub354 \uacb0\ubd80\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc9c0, \ud604\ub300\uc801 \uc0b0\uc218\ub098 \uc591\uc218 \uc74c\uc218\uc758 \uc774\ub860, \ud568\uc218\uad00\uacc4\uc758 \uadf8\ub798\ud504 \ud45c\ud604\uc774\ub098 \ub300\uc218\uc801 \ubcc0\uc218 \uac19\uc740 \ud604\ub300\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0 \ubc29\uc2dd\uacfc \ub354 \ubc00\uc811\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uae30\ucd08\uc801\uc778 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \ud604\ub300\uc0ac\uc0c1\uc758 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc801\uc778 \ucc3d\uc870\ubb3c \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc774\ub2e4: \ud2b9\ud788 \uc774\ub860\uacfc \uc2e4\uc81c\ub97c \uc0c1\ud638 \ubc00\uc811\ud558\uac8c \uc5f0\uacb0\uc9d3\ub294 \ud798\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub098\uc624\ub294 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ubc14\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc740, \uace0\ub300\uc640 \uc911\uc138 \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc774 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ub2e4\ub8e8\ub294 \uc218\ubc95 (\uac00\uc7a5 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud558\uace0 \uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc774\uc5b4\uc11c \ub354 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uc218\ubc95)\uc758 \uae30\ucd08\ub97c \ub193\ub294\ub370 \uc5b4\ub514\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub294\uac00\ub97c \uc55e\uc758 \uc808\ub4e4\uc774 \uc798 \uc124\uba85\ud588\uc73c\uba74 \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc21c\uc218 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc601\uc5ed\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc544\uac00\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc911\uad6d\uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc544\ubb34 \uac83\ub3c4 \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org4066cf4\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org4066cf4\">4<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org4066cf4\">\n<p> (.\/) \uadf8\ub7ec\uba74, \uadf8 Section(p.1) \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0 \uc5b8\uae09\ub418\uc5b4\uc84c\ub358 \uc800\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc758\ubb38\uc810\uacfc \ubd88\ud655\uc2e4\ud55c \uc810\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub2f5 \uba87 \uac1c\uac00 \uc5ec\uae30\uc788\ub2e4. \uc880 \ub354 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \ud3c9\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub354 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc62c\ubc14\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294, \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud55c \uacb0\uc810\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\ub2e4. \u4e09\u4e0aMikami\ub294 \uace0\ub300 \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ud070 \uacb0\ud568\uc740 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc99d\uba85\uc0ac\uace0\uc758 \ubd80\uc7ac\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud588\uace0, \uc774\uac83\uc744 (\ucd5c\uadfc\uc758 \u5085\u65af\u5e74Fu Ssu-Nien\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ud604\ub300 \uc911\uad6d \ud559\uc790\ub4e4 \ucc98\ub7fc) \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0 \uc2e4\ud328\ud55c \ud615\uc2dd\uc801 \ub17c\ub9ac \ubc0f \uc911\uad6d\uc744 \uc9c0\ubc30\ud55c \uad00\ub150\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc720\uae30\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\uace0\uc5d0 \uc11c\ub85c \uc5f0\uad00\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. Cajori\ub294 \uadf8\uac00 \uc9c0\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uae30\ud638\uc0ac(\u6578\u5b78\u8a18\u865f\u53f2)\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc9c\uc6d0\uc220\u5929\u5143\u8853 \ub300\uc218\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \ud3c9\ud558\uba74\uc11c, \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ub300\uce6d\uc131\uacfc \uadf9\ub3c4\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\uc131\uc5d0 \ub180\ub790\ub2e4\uace0 \ud588\ub2e4. \ucd08\uae30\uc758 \ud3ed\ubc1c\uc801 \uc9c4\ubcf4 \ud6c4\uc5d0, \u5b8b\uc758 \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc9c4\ubcf4\ub294 \ube60\ub974\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc774\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 +13\uc138\uae30 \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc815\uccb4\uc5d0 \ube60\uc9c4 \uac83\uc740 \uc735\ud1b5\uc131 \uc5c6\uace0 \uc81c\ud55c\ub41c \ud45c\uc2dc\ubc95 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud588\ub2e4. \ube44\ub85d \uc5ec\ub7ec \uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc (\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uba74, 10\uc9c4\ubc95\uacfc &#8220;\uacf5\ubc31&#8221;\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 0\uc758 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ube60\ub978 \uc778\uc2dd), \uc911\uad6d \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2dd\uc744 \ud45c\ud604\ud558\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uae30\ud638\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\ub3c4 \ubc1c\uba85\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\uace0, \uc608\uc218\ud68c \uc2e0\ubd80\ub4e4\uc774Jesuits \uc218\ud559\uc744 \uc804\ud560 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \ub9d0\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org9cb7c6e\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org9cb7c6e\">5<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org9cb7c6e\">\n<p> (.\/) \uc774\uc0c1\ud558\uac8c\ub3c4, \uc9c0\uae08\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc744 \uacf5\ubd80\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\ub294 \ub4f1\uc2dd\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\uac00 \uc554\uc2dc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub9cc \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc911\uad6d \uace0\uc720\uc758 \ub4f1\ud638(=)\uae30\ud638\ub294 \uac1c\ubc1c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \ub110\ub9ac \ubcf4\uae09\ub41c \uc0b0\ud310\uacfc \uc8fc\ud310\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc774\ub97c (\ub4f1\ud638 \uac1c\ubc1c\uc744) \uc800\ud574\ud588\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub17c\uc758\ub294 \uc544\uc9c1 \ubbf8\uacb0\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc815\ub2f5\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uac8c \ud558\ub294 \uc911\uac04\ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \uae30\ub85d\uc744 \ub0a8\uaca8\ub193\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ud655\uc2e4\ud558\uac8c \uacc4\uc0b0\uc758 \ud754\uc801\uc744 \uc5c6\uc574\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098, \ub354 \ud604\ub300\uc801\uc778 \uc218\ud559\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\ub2e4\uba74 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\uc801\uc774 \ubcf4\uc870\ub3c4\uad6c\uac00 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0\ub294 \uc0dd\uac01\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4. (\uc989, \ub354 \ud604\ub300\uc801\uc778 \uc218\ud559\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\uc801\uc774 \ubcf4\uc870\ub3c4\uad6c\ub294 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.) <\/p>\n<p> \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc14\ub77c\ubcf4\uba74, \uc911\uad6d \uc5ed\uc0ac \ub0b4\ub0b4 \uc8fc\ub41c \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc774 \ub2ec\ub825\uacfc\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uc600\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc778\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \ub2ec\ub825\uc744 \uace0\uce58\uac70\ub098 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uc77c\uc744 \ub3d5\ub3c4\ub85d \uc694\uccad \ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub358 \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub97c \u300e\u7587\u4eba\u50b3\u300f\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc3e\uae30\ub294 \ud798\ub4e4\uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uace0\ub300\uc758 \uc6b0\uc8fc\ucca0\ud559 \uc2e0\ub150\uc758 \ucd1d\uccb4\uc640 \uad00\ub828\ub41c \uba87\uac00\uc9c0 \uc774\uc720\uc5d0\uc11c, \ub2ec\ub825\uc758 \ud655\ub9bd\uc740 \ud669\uc81c\uc758 \ud2b9\uad8c\uc73c\ub85c \uc870\uc2ec\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c \uc9c0\ucf1c\uc84c\uace0, \ub610 \uc18d\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2ec\ub825\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc774\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud669\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucda9\uc131\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud588\ub2e4. \ubc18\ub780\uc774\ub098 \uae30\uadfc\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uc744 \ub54c, \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc885\uc885 \ub2ec\ub825\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uacb0\ub860\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc84c\uace0, \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2ec\ub825\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\ub3c4\ub85d \uc694\uccad \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orga039d0a\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orga039d0a\">6<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orga039d0a\">\n<p> (.\/) \uc774\ub7f0 \uc6b0\uc120\uc801\uc778 \uc784\ubb34\ub294 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc744 \ub3cc\uc774\ud0ac \uc218 \uc5c6\uc744 \ub9cc\ud07c \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \uc0dd\uac01\uc744 \ub9c9\uace0 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \uc218\uc5d0\ub9cc \ub9e4\uc774\uac8c \ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc5b4\uca0c\ub4e0, \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc744 \uc911\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\uc758 \ucc9c\uc7ac\uc131\uc740 \uadf8\ub7f0 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uc6b8\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub2ec\ub825 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc815\uc124\uc774\uace0 \uc720\uad50\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc218\ud559\uc774 \ub610 \uc815\ud1b5\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ub3c4\uad50\uc640 \uad00\ub828\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud560 \ub9cc\ud55c \uc774\uc720\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. 2\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \u5f90\u5cb3\uc740 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ub3c4\uad50\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\uace0, \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uf9e1\u51b6\ub97c \uace0\ucde8\uc2dc\ud0a8 11\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc2e0\ube44\uc758 \ucc45\uc5d0\uc11c \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 \u5b8b\uc758 \u856d\u9053\u5b58\uc5d0\ub294 \uc774\uc0c1\ud55c \ub3c4\ud45c\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ub193\uce58\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc740, \uc2ed\uc911\ud314\uad6c\ub294 \ub3d9\uc2dc\ub300\uc778\uc778 \uc704\ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\ub2e8\uc220\uc0ac \u845b\u6d2a\uacfc \uc218\ud559\uc790 \u5b6b\u5b50 \uac19\uc740 \uac1c\uc778 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc811\ucd09\uc774\ub2e4. \uc758\uc2ec\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0\uc5c6\uc774 \uc774\ub7f0 \uc0ac\uc0c1\uc758 \uc811\ucd09\uc740 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uc804\uc5d0\ub294 (\ub2e4\ub978) \uc5b4\ub514\uc11c\ub3c4 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5 \ud588\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9\uc73c\ub85c, \uac00\uc7a5 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc694\uc18c\uc758 \ud558\ub098\ub294 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\uc758\u2018\uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \ubc95\uce59&#8217;\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud0dc\ub3c4\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc3e\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc774\uac83\uc744 \uc9c1\uc804 \ucc45\uc758 \ub05d\ubd80\ubd84(Sect.18)\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c1\uc138\ud788 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud588\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc9c0 \ub2e4\uc74c\ub9cc \ub418\ud480\uc774\ud574\uc11c \uc9c0\uc801\ud574 \ub454\ub2e4: \uc989, \ucc3d\uc870\uc2e0 \uc989 \ucd5c\uace0 \uc785\ubc95\uc790\ub77c\ub294 idea\uc758 \ubd80\uc7ac\uc640, \uc804 \uc6b0\uc8fc\ub294 \uc720\uae30\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc790\uccb4 \ucda9\uc871\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ud655\uc2e4\ud55c \uc2e0\ub150(\ub3c4\uad50 \ucca0\ud559\uc790\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 Lucretius\ud48d\uc758 \uace0\uc0c1\ud55c \uc2dc\uc5d0\uc11c \ud45c\ud604\ub41c)\uc73c\ub85c \ud574\uc11c, \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \ud3ec\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 &#8216;\uc9c8\uc11c&#8217;\ub77c\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \uc774\ub04c\uc5b4 \ub0b4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \ubc95\uce59\uc740 \ud3ec\ud568\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uace0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ud604\uc138\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc774\ub4dd\uc774 \ub420 \uaddc\uce59\uc131\ub3c4 \ubcc4\ub85c \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org458d699\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org458d699\">7<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org458d699\">\n<p> (.\/) 20\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0 \uc911\uad6d \uace0\uc720\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc5d0 \uacc4\uc18d \uba38\ubb34\ub974\uba74\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc5f0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc640 \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9c8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uc7a0\uae50 \ub418\ub3cc\uc544\ubcf4\uc544\ub3c4 \uc88b\ub2e4. \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uc131\ucde8\uac00 \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc84c\ub358 \ub450 \uc655\uc870\ub294 \u6f22\ud55c\ub098\ub77c(the Han)\uc640 \u5b8b\uc1a1\ub098\ub77c(the Sung)\uc774\ub2e4. \u843d\u4e0b&#38286;Lohsia Hung\uacfc \uf9c7\u6b46Liu Hsin\uc758 \uc2dc\ub300\uc778 \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 1\uc138\uae30\ub3d9\uc548 \uad6c\uc7a5\uc0b0\uc220\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \uc8fc\uc694\uccb4\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ucc9c\ub144\uc774\uc0c1\ub3d9\uc548 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uacc4\uc0b0\ub2f4\ub2f9\uad00\uc758 \uc5c5\ubb34\ub97c \uc9c0\ubc30\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc778 \uae30\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c \ubcfc \ub54c \uad00\ub8cc\uc815\uce58\uc81c\uc640 \ubc00\uc811\ud55c \uc5f0\uad00\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc9c0\ubc30\uacc4\uae09\uc774 \ud574\uacb0\ud574\uc57c\ud558\ub294 (\ub610\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc744 \uc124\ub4dd\ud574\uc11c \ud574\uacb0\ud574\uc57c\ud560) \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0\ub9cc \uc774\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud1a0\uc9c0\uce21\ub7c9\uacfc \uc870\uc0ac, \uace1\ucc3d\uc9c0\ub300\uc758 \uba74\uc801, \ub451\uacfc \uc6b4\ud558\uc758 \uac74\uc124, \uc138\uae08\uc9d5\uc218, \uad50\ud658\uc728 &#8211; \uc774\uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc911\uc694\ud574 \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. \u2018\uc218\ud559\uc744 \uc704\ud55c\u2019 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc815\ub9d0 \uac70\uc758 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uacc4\uc0b0\uac00(\uc218\ud559\uc790)\ub4e4\uc774 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \ucd94\uad6c\ud588\ub358 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc870\uc9c1\ub41c \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc778 \uc9c4\uc2e4 \ub610\ud55c \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc2dc\uac04\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0 \ub300\uc911\ub4e4\uc740 \ubb38\ub9f9\uc73c\ub85c \ub0a8\uc544\uc788\uc5c8\uace0, \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc758\ub8b0\ud558\uace0 \ud544\uc0ac\ud558\uc5ec \ud589\uc815\uad6c\uc5ed\uc0c1\uc758 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ubd84\uae30\uc810\uc73c\ub85c \ubc30\ud3ec\ud55c \ud544\uc0ac\ubcf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uad6c\ud574 \ubcf4\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org83398ed\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org83398ed\">8<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org83398ed\">\n<p> 4\uc870 \ud558\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ubbf8\uc220\uacf5\uc608\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 (\uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ub300\ub2e8\ud788 \uc7ac\ub2a5 \uc788\ub294\uac00\uc640 \uc0c1\uad00\uc5c6\uc774) \uadf8\ub4e4\uc744 \ubb38\ud559\uc801 \ud6c8\ub828\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \ud559\uc790\uc5d0\uac8c\uc11c \ubd84\ub9ac\uc2dc\ucf1c \ub193\uc740 \ubcf4\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ubcbd\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud55c\ud3b8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc88\uc131\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc624\uc9c1 11\uc138\uae30 \uacbd\uc758 Shen Kua\uac00 \uc704\ub300\ud55c \uac74\ucd95\uac00\uc778 Yu Hao (\uadf8\ub294 \uc2ed\uc911\ud314\uad6c \ud544\uacbd\uc790(\uc190\uc73c\ub85c \uc4f0\ub294 \uce74\ud53c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2b8)\uc5d0\uac8c \uc774\uac83\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544\uc4f0\uac8c \ud588\uc5b4\uc57c\ub9cc \ud588\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.)\uc758 Mu Ching(\ubaa9\uc870\uac74\ucd95\uc220)\uc744 \uc54c\uc544\ucc28\ub9b4 \ub9cc\ud07c \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc608\uc678 \uc801\uc778 \uc778\ubb3c\uc774\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubbf8\uc220\uacf5\uc608\uac00\ub4e4\uc740, \uba87 \uc138\uae30 \uc804, \ub3c4\uad50\uc640 \ubd88\uad50\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5 \uc544\ub798\uc11c, \uc774\ub7f0 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 (\uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc778\uc1c4\uc220 \ubc1c\uacac\ud55c \uac83) <i>\ud3ed\ubc1c\ud560\ub9cc\ud55c \uacb0\uc815\uc801\uc778 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub97c \ubc1f\uc558\ub2e4.\/\ud3ed\ubc1c\ud560\ub9cc\ud55c \uacb0\uc815\uc801\uc778 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub97c \ubc1f\uc558\ub2e4.<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\uc778\uc1c4\uc220\uc758 \ubc1c\ub2ec\uc5d0 \ud798\uc785\uc5b4 \uc9c4\ubcf4\ud574 \ub098\uac00\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4.\/&#8221;&#8217; \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc758\uc2ec\ud560 \uac83 \uc5c6\uc774 \uc911\uad6d\uc218\ud559\uc758 \ub450\ubc88\uc9f8 \uc804\uc131\uae30\ub97c \uc870\uc131\ud558\uc600\ub294\ub370, Sung \uc5d0\uc11c, \uc9c4\uc2e4\ub85c \ub300\ub2e8\ud55c \uc218\ud559\uc790 \uadf8\ub8f9(\uadf8\ub4e4 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c \ud3c9\ubbfc\uc774\ub098 \ud558\uae09\uad00\ub9ac)\uc774 \uc601\uc5ed\uc744 <i>\uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uad00\ub8cc\uc801 \uc120\ucde8(\uc120\uc810)\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \ub113\uac8c \uc9c4\ucd9c\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\uc744 \ub54c\uc600\ub2e4.<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\uc810\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub358 \uad00\ub8cc \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c \ub354 \ub113\uac8c \uc9c4\ucd9c\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud560 \ub54c\uc600\ub2e4.&#8221;&#8217;\/ \uc774\uc81c \uc9c0\uc801\ud638\uae30\uc2ec\uc740 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ub9cc\uc871\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774 \uc804\uc131\uae30\ub294 \uc624\ub798\uac00\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. Tsu Chhung-Chih\uac00 \uc4f4 Chui Shu\uc758 \uc9c0\ub09c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0ac\ubcf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ud544\uccb4\ub97c \uc5f0\uc2b5\ud574\uc624\ub358 \uc720\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uba85\ub098\ub77c\uc758 \ubbfc\uc871\uc8fc\uc758\uc790 \ubc18\ubc1c\uc18d\uc5d0 \ud798\uc744 \uc783\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc9c0\ubc29 \uad00\uccad\uc758 \ub4b7\ubc29\uc73c\ub85c \uc81c\ud55c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc120\uad50\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc774 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc654\uc744\ub54c, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uacfc\uac70 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc601\uad11\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub9d0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \uc544\ubb34\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgc853569\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgc853569\">9<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgc853569\">\n<p> 4\uc870 \ud558\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \uc218\uc2dd\ud654\ub41c \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc774 \ud0dc\uc5b4\ub098\ubbc0\ub85c \uc778\ud574\uc11c \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \ub54c\uc5d0 \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uac00&#8221;&#8217;?\/\uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc2e4\uc6a9\ud654\ub418\ub294 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\ub54c \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uac00?\/&#8221;&#8217; \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc65c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \uac83\uc77c\uae4c? \ub9cc\uc57d \uadfc\ub300 \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \ud55c \ubb38\uba85\uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc65c \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\ub294\uc9c0 \uc54c\uc544\ub0b4\uae30 \uc5b4\ub835\ub2e4\uba74, \ub2e4\ub978 \ubb38\uba85\uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc65c \ubc1c\uc804\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub294\uc9c0 \uc54c\uc544\ub0b4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub354 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b8 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ubc1c\uc804\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uac83\uc744 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud604\uc7ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uba85\ucf8c\ud55c \uc124\uba85\uc774 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. <i>\uc758\ubbf8\uc788\uae30\ub294 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc218\uc2dd\ud654\ub41c \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294<\/i> \uc65c \uadfc\ub300\uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \ubc1c\ub2ec\ud558\uc600\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c \uc804\uccb4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uae30\uc220\ud558\ub294 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubc29\ubc95\uc77c \ubfd0\uc778 \uac83\uc774 \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud558\ub2e4&#8221;&#8217;.\/\ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574\uc11c \uc218\uc2dd\ud654\ub41c \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \ubc88\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\ub294\/&#8221;&#8217; <\/p>\n<p> <i>Pledge\uac00<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;Pledge\ub294&#8221;&#8217; Galilreo (\uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc218\ud559\ud654\uc5d0 \uc9c0\ub300\ud55c \uacf5\ud5cc\uc744 \ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\ub294)\uc640 Leonardo Da Vinci\ub97c \ub300\uc870\ud588\uc744 \ub54c, <i>\ud6c4\uc790\uc758 \uc790\uc5f0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae4a\uc740 \ud1b5\ucc30\uacfc \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc758 \ud0c1\uc6d4\ud568\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\ud6c4\uc790\uac00 \uc790\uc5f0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae4a\uc740 \ud1b5\ucc30\uc744 \ud558\uc600\uace0 \ud0c1\uc6d4\ud55c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc744 \ud588\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4&#8221;&#8217;, \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc774 \ub530\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uac83\uc740 \uadf8\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubb34\uc9c0 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 <i>\ub9d0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0, \uadf8\ub294 \uacb0\ub860\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud588\ub2e4.<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\ub9d0\ud558\uba70 \uacb0\ub860\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud55c\ub2e4.&#8221;&#8217; \ud604\uc7ac\uc758 Leonardo\ub294 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\ub04c\ub824 \ucd94\uce21\ud558\ub294 \uadf8\ub7f0 \uace0\ub9bd\ub41c \ucc9c\uc7ac\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294, Zilsel\uc774\ub098 Gille \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358, 15, 16\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc19c\uc528 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc19c\uc528 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 &#x2013; Brunelleschi\uac19\uc740 \uc608\uc220\uac00 \uacb8 \uae30\uc220\uc790\uc640 \uac74\ucd95\uac00; Cellini\uac19\uc740 \uc608\uc220\uac00 \uacb8 \uc57c\uae08\uc220\uc0ac; Tartaglia\uac19\uc740 \ud3ec\uc218; Ambroise Pare\uac19\uc740 \uc678\uacfc\uc758\uc0ac; Agricola\uc5d0\uc11c \uc74c\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud55c \uad11\ubd80\ub4e4; 1638\ub144\uc5d0 Galileo\uc758 \ubc1c\uacac\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud588\ub358 \ubca0\ub2c8\uc2a4 \ubcd1\uae30\uace0\uc758 \uc870\uc120\uae30\uc0ac\ub4e4; Biringuccio\ub85c \ub300\ud45c\ub418\ub294 \ud654\uc57d\uc81c\ubd84\uc5c5\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \ub2e4\ub978 \ud654\uacf5\ud559\uc790\ub4e4; 1581\ub144\uc758 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ubc1c\uba85\ud488\uc774 William Gilbert\uc758 \uc790\uc11d\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ud070 \uc790\uadf9\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\ub358 Robert Norman\uac19\uc740 \uc545\uae30\uc81c\uc870\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgdd9bc4d\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgdd9bc4d\">10<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgdd9bc4d\">\n<p> 8\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5f4\uc2ec\ud788 \uc790\uc5f0 \ud604\uc0c1\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\uc600\uc73c\uba70, \uadf8\ub4e4 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uc218\ud559 \uacf5\uc2dd\uc758 \ub9e4\ub825\uc801\uc778 \uc811\uadfc\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uc2e4\ud5d8 \ub370\uc774\ud0c0\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0c8\ub2e4. \uac04\ub2e8\ud788 \ub9d0\ud574, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc544\uadf8\ub9ac\ucf54\ub77c\ub77c \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 Sung Ying-Hsing, \uac74\ucd95\uac00 Li Shin-Chen, \uc57d\uc81c\ud559\uc758 \uc655 Li Shih-Chen, \uc6d0\uc608\uac00 Chhen Hao-Tzu, \ud3ec\uc218 Chiao Yu\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \ub300\uc751 \ub418\ub294 \uc778\ubb3c\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc2dc\uacc4 \uacf5\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c de Dondi\uc640 Su Sung\uc758 \ub300\uc751 \uad00\uacc4\ucc98\ub7fc \uc5b4\ub5a4\ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c \ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc744 \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\uba74 \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ub418\ub294\uc778\ubb3c\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc911\uad6d\uacfc \ub2ec\ub9ac \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 <i>\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub2e8\uacc4\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\uce58\uc54a\uc544 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc77c\uc5d0\ub300\ud574 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce58\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub2e8\uacc4\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub358 \uac83\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc744 \ub07c\uce58\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.&#8221;&#8217; \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\uc2dd, \uc591\uc73c\ub85c \ud45c\ud604 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uacbd\ud5d8 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uacf5\uc2dd\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\ub97c \uc811\ud569\uc2dc\ud0a4\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc5b4\ub5a0\ud55c \uc694\uc18c\ub97c \ucca8\uac00\ud558\uc600\ub358 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. Gabriel Harvey\uac00 1953\ub144\uc5d0 \uc4f4 \uac83 \ucc98\ub7fc \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\ub294 <i>\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ubcc0\ud654\uac00 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc874\uacbd\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \ubcc0\ud654\uac00 \uc874\uacbd\ubc1b\uc744 \ub9cc\ud55c(\ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c)\uae30\uc220\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc870\ud569(\uae38\ub4dc)\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744&#8221;&#8217; \ubd84\uba85\ud558\uac8c \uc5b8\uae09\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org451a864\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org451a864\">11<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org451a864\">\n<p> (.\/) \uc815\ubc00\uae30\uacc4\uacf5 Humphrey Cole, \uc870\uc120\uacf5 Matthew Baker, \uac74\ucd95\uac00 John Shute, \ud56d\ud574\uc0ac Robert Norman, \ud3ec\uc218 William Bourne, \uc57d\uc81c\uc0ac John Hester\ub098 \uc774\ub4e4 \uac19\uc774 \uad50\ubb18\ud558\uace0 \uc19c\uc528\uc788\ub294 \uacbd\ud5d8\uac00\ub97c \ub5a0\uc62c\ub9ac\uba70, \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uc544\ubb34\ub9ac \ud559\uad50\uad50\uc721\uc744 \ubc1b\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0 \ubc30\uc6b0\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud56c\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4, \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \uc774\ub7f0 \ub611\ub611\ud55c \uc778\ub825\uc744 \uacbd\uba78\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \uad50\ub9cc\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> 1600\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc790\uc11d\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c William Gilbert\uc758 \uc800\uc220\uc740 \ud559\ubb38\uc801 training\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \ud559\uc790\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc800\uc220\ub41c \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \uc778\uc1c4\ub41c \ucc45\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc804\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc2e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc9c1\uc811 \ud589\ud55c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uacfc \uad00\ucc30\uc5d0 \ud1a0\ub300\ub97c \ub450\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uacf5\uc2dd\ub3c4 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\uc558\uace0, \uc790\uc5f0\ubc95\uce59\uc5d0 \uc758\uac70\ud558\uc5ec \uc124\uba85\ud558\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uc778\ubb3c\uc774\ub358 Francis Bacon\uc740, \uc778\uac04 \ubb38\uba85\uc758 \uc9c4\ubcf4\ub97c \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uadfc\ub300 \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc5f0\uad6c\uac00 \uc778\ub958\ubb38\uba85\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc911\uc694\ud568\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud55c \uccab\ubc88\uc9f8 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uac00\uc600\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, \uc870\ub9cc\uac04\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uc774 \ub2f4\ub2f9\ud558\uac8c\ub420 \uac70\ub300\ud55c \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \uadf8 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uc798 \ub0b4\ub2e4\ubcf4\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ubb3c\ub860 \uc911\uc138\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. Korye\uac00 \ub274\ud134-\ub370\uce74\ub974\ud2b8\uc801 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uadfc\uc6d0\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uadf8\uc758 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub09c \ub17c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uc744 \uc120\ubcf4\uc774\uba74\uc11c, \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c \ubcc0\ud615\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4. \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc2e4\uccb4\ub294 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc5d0 \uc870\uae08 \ub354 \uac00\uae4c\uc6cc\uc838\uc57c \ud588\uace0, \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucd94\uc5b4\uc838\uc57c \ud588\uc73c\uba70, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac \uc790\uccb4\uc758 \uad00\uc810\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc640 \uc720\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uad00\uc810\uc744 \uc62e\uaca8\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org5582abc\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org5582abc\">12<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org5582abc\">\n<p> (.\/) \ubbf8\uc801\ubd84\ud559\uc740 \uc774 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc758 \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc5c5\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. 1550\ub144\uc5d0 \uc720\ub7fd \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\uc640 \uc911\uad6d\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \ubc1c\uacac\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb3c\ub824\ubc1b\uc740 \uc544\ub78d\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uc218\ud559 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc880\ucc98\ub7fc \ub354 \uc9c4\ubcf4\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub4a4\ub97c \uc774\uc5b4\uc11c \ubab9\uc2dc \ub180\ub77c\uac8c \ud55c \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc989, 1580\ub144 Viete\uc640 1557\ub144 Recorde \uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uc5ec \ub9c8\uce68\ub0b4 \ub9cc\uc871\ud560\ub9cc\ud07c \uc815\uad50\ud558\uac8c \uc815\ub9ac\ub41c \ub300\uc218 \uae30\uc218\ubc95, 1585\ub144\uc5d4 Stevin\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc2ed\uc9c4\ubc95\uc758 \uc644\uc804\ud55c \uc774\ud574, 1614\ub144 Napier\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ub85c\uadf8\uc758 \ubc1c\uba85, 1620\ub144 Gunter\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uacc4\uc0b0\uc790, 1637\ub144 Descartes\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc88c\ud45c,\ud574\uc11d\uae30\ud558\ud559\uc758 \uc124\ub9bd, 1642\ub144 Pascal\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \ub367\uc148\uacc4\uc0b0\uae30, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 1665\ub144 Newton, 1684\ub144 Leibniz\uc758 \ubb34\ud55c\uc18c \uacc4\uc0b0\ubc95(\ubbf8\uc801\ubd84)\uc758 \uc5c5\uc801\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc544\uc9c1 \uc544\ubb34\ub3c4 \uc774 \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0 \ub0b4\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \uba54\uce74\ub2c8\uc998\uc744 \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uacfc \uc911\uad6d\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uacfc \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uacc4\uc2b9\uc790\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \ub530\ub85c\ub530\ub85c \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\ub358\ub370 \ubc18\ud574\uc11c \uc9c0\uae08 \ub450 \uac1c\uc758 \uacb0\ud569, \uc989 \uae30\ud558\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc801 \ubc29\ubc95\uc758 \uc801\uc6a9\uc740 \uc815\ubc00\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc9c4\ubcf4\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub358 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ud55c \ub2e8\uacc4\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc774 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc774 \uadf8\ub0e5 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc778 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uc5ed\uae30\ud558\ud559\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub4e4\uc744 \ub300\uc218\ud559\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0dd\uac01\ud574\uc654\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uac19\uc740 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgcf497b1\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgcf497b1\">13<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgcf497b1\">\n<p> (.\/) \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc5d0\uc11c \uc644\ubcbd\ud55c \ud615\uc2dd\uc744 \uac16\ucd94\uc5b4 \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc218\ud559\uc801 \ubc29\ubc95\uc758 \ud0c4\uc0dd\uacfc \ud604\ub300\uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uae30\uc220\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uc774\ub048 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc740 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc5d0 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\uace0 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc81c\uae30\ud55c\ub2e4. \ube44\ub85d \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \ud3c9\uac00\ud560 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\uaca0\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \ud558\ub294 \uac04\ub2e8\ud55c \ubd84\uc11d\uc740 \ubd80\uc801\uc808\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2d0 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0, \uc815\ud655\ud788 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c, \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uacfc\ud559\uc774 \ud1b5\ud569\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0 \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc774\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc870\uae08\uc758 \uc544\uc774\ub514\uc5b4\ub97c \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uace0, \ub610, \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uac19\uc774, \uc774\uc804\uc758 \uc911\uc138 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774 \ub458\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc11c\ub85c \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\uc81c \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc758 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\uba74, \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> (a) \ud1a0\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\ub294 \ud604\uc0c1\ub4e4 \uac00\uc6b4\ub370\uc11c, \uc815\ub7c9\uc801\uc778 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0bc \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uba74\uc744 \ubf51\uae30. (b) \uad00\uce21\ub41c \uc591\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uad00\uacc4 (\ub610\ub294 \uc774\uc640 \ub3d9\ub4f1\ud55c \uac83)\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uac00\uc124\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud558\uae30. (c) \uc774 \uac00\uc124\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \uac80\uc99d\uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ubc94\uc704 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uacb0\ub860\uc744 \uc774\ub04c\uc5b4\ub0c4. (d) \uc870\uac74\uc744 \ubc14\uafbc \ud6c4\uc758 \uad00\ucc30\uacfc \ub354 \ub098\uc544\uac04 \uad00\ucc30, \uc989 \uc2e4\ud5d8. \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c\ud55c \uc218\uce58\uc801 \uc591\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c \uce21\uc815\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c\ub2e4. (e) (b)\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\uc131\ud55c \uac00\uc124\uc758 \ucc44\ud0dd \ub610\ub294 \uae30\uac01 (\ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc774\uac70\ub098 \ud1f4\uc9dc\ub193\uae30). (f) \ucc44\ud0dd\ub41c \uac00\uc124\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac00\uc124\uacfc \uadf8\uc758 \uac80\uc99d\uc758 \uc2dc\uc791\uc810\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org4ca063d\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org4ca063d\">14<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org4ca063d\">\n<p> (.\/) &#8216;\uc2e4\ud5d8\ucca0\ud559\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ucca0\ud559&#8217;\uc740 \ud604\uc0c1 \uc548\uc5d0 \uce21\uc815 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc694\uc18c\ub97c \ucc3e\uace0 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc591\uc801\uc778 \uaddc\uce59\uc131\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc801 \uc131\uaca9\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \uc624\ub798 \uc804\ubd80\ud130 \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc138\uacc4\ub294 \uc591\uc801\uc778 \uc138\uacc4\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c\uc758 \uc9c4\ud589\uc740 \uc774\uac83\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \ud55c \uac78\uc74c \ub354 \ub098\uc544\uac14\ub2e4. \uc65c\ub0d0\ud558\uba74 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc774\ub294 \ubb3c\uccb4\ub4e4\uacfc \ubcc4\ub3c4\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \ubb3c\uccb4\uc758 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc5d0\ub294 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud2b9\uc131 \ud639\uc740 \uc131\uc9c8\uacfc \uad00\ub828\ub41c \uac83\uc740 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc544\ubb34\uac83\ub3c4 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0, \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ud30c\uc0dd\ub420 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 \uc6b4\ub3d9(motion)\ub294 \uc6b0\uc8fc \uc548 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0\uc11c\ub4e0 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc758 \uade0\uc9c8\uc131\uc740 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc758\ubbf8\ub85c\ub294 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uc18c\uba78 \ubc0f \uc8fd\uc74c \uc774\uc5c8\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc678\uad00\uc0c1 \uc2e4\ub85c \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ubcc0\ud654\uc600\ub2e4. \uacf5\uac04\uc744 \uae30\ud558\ud654(\u5e7e\u4f55\u5316)\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uacfc, \uade0\uc9c8\ud558\uace0 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc788\ub294 \uc720\ud074\ub9ac\ub4dc\uacf5\uac04\uc73c\ub85c \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559, \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc758 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ucc44\ubcc4\ud654\ub41c \uc7a5\uc18c\uc5f0\uc18d\uccb4\ub97c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740, \ud615\ud0dc\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc758 \uccad\uc0b0\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uc2e4 \uc138\uacc4\ub294 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc874\uc7ac\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ud654\ub41c, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc720\ud55c\ud558\uace0 \uacc4\uce35\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c8\uc11c\uc7a1\ud78c \uc804\uccb4\ub85c \uc0dd\uac01\ub420 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \ub3d9\uc77c\uc131\uacfc \ub2e8\uc21c\ud558\uace0 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ubc95\uce59\ub4e4\uc758 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801\uc778 \uc801\uc6a9\uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc5f0\uacb0\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294, \uc5f4\ub824\uc788\uc73c\uba70 \ubd88\uba85\ud655\ud558\uace0 \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4\ub294 \ubb34\ud55c\ud55c \uc6b0\uc8fc\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc77c\ub2e8 \uc911\ub825\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc774 \uacf5\uc2dd\ud654 \ub418\uba74 \uc6b0\uc8fc \uc548\uc5d0 \uc911\ub825\uc758 \ubc95\uce59\uc774 \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uacf3\uc740 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org65b25ca\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org65b25ca\">15<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org65b25ca\">\n<p> (.\/) \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc7a5\uc18c\ub97c \ud5a5\ud558\uc5ec \uac00\uace0\uc790 \ud558\ub294 \ubb3c\uccb4 \uace0\uc720\uc758 \uacbd\ud5a5\uc744 \ubd80\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubb3c\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \uc720\uae30\uc801\uc778 \ud1b5\ud569\uccb4\uc784\uc744 \uae68\ud2b8\ub9ac\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \uc591\uc0c1\uc758 \ud558\ub098\uc77c \ubfd0\uc784\uc740 \ubd84\uba85\ud558\ub2e4. \ub529\uae00\uc774 \ub9d0\ud55c \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc, \ud615\ud0dc \ubb34\uac8c, \uc0c9\uae54 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ud2b9\uc131\uc774 \uce58\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc870\ud654\ub41c \uba85\ubc31\ud55c \ud1b5\uc77c\uccb4\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\uc5b4\uc11c, \ucd5c\uc0c1\uc758 \ub3c5\ucc3d\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub9cc\uc774 \uba87 \uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc790\uadf9\ubc1b\uc544 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud1b5\uc77c\uccb4\ub97c \uac70\ubd80\ud558\uace0, \ub098\ubb34 \uacf5\uacfc \ubbf8\uc9c0\uc758 \ubb3c\uc9c8\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \ud639\uc131\uc774 \uac00\uc9c4 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc131\uc774 \uac19\uc740 \uacf5\uc758 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uacfc \uc0c9\uae54\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc131\uc774 \ub354 \ub9ce\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \ud601\uba85\uc801\uc778 \ud55c \uac78\uc74c\uc744 \ub0b4\ub514\ub51c \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0, \uc0ac\uc2e4, \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc758 \ud601\uba85\uc740 \uc911\uc138 \uc720\ub7fd\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uace0, \uc5b4\ub290 \uc815\ub3c4 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0dd\uac01\uacfc\ub3c4 \uac19\uc558\ub358 \uc720\uae30\uc801\uc778 \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc744 \ud30c\uad34\ud558\uace0, \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uacc4\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc6d0\uc790\uac1c\ub150\uacfc \uc6b0\uc5f0\ud788 \uc798 \ub9de\uc544\ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uac8c \ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294 \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\uafb8\uc5b4 \ub193\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ucca0\ud559\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\uc2ec\ub098\uac8c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ubd88\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc694\uc18c\ub294 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uaebc\uc84c\ub2e4; \ud0dc\uc591\uc740 \uc5c6\uc5b4\uc9c0\uace0, \ub545\ub3c4 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \uae30\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uacf3\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub04c\uc5b4\uc8fc\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uac70\ub9ac\ub08c\uc5c6\uc774 \uc774 \uc138\uc0c1\uc774 \ub05d\ub0ac\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud558\uace0, \uadf8 \ub54c \ud639\uc131\uacfc \ud558\ub298\uc5d0\uc11c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \ucc3e\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83 &#x2026; &#8220;\uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \ud769\uc5b4\uc9c0\uace0, \uc77c\uad00\uc131\uc744 \uc783\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70; \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc815\ub2f9\ud55c \ub4b7\ubc1b\uce68\ub3c4 \ub610 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uad00\uacc4\ub3c4 &#x2026; <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orge88ca35\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orge88ca35\">16<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orge88ca35\">\n<p> 5\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub274\ud134 \uc790\uc2e0\uc774 \uc8fd\uc744 \uc988\uc74c\uc5d0, \uad81\uadf9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uc2dc\uac01\uc744 \ubc14\uafb8\uac70\ub098 \uace0\uce58\ub824\uace0 \uc6b4\uba85\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc9c4, \uc138\uc0c1\uc758 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc720\uae30\uccb4\uc801 \uad00\uc810\uc758 \uc528\uc557\uc774 \ub77c\uc774\ud504\ub2c8\uce20\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc2f9\ud144\ub2e4\ub294 \uc6b4\uba85\uc758 \uadf9\uc801\uc778 \uc544\uc774\ub7ec\ub2c8\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\ub2e4. \uc544\ub9c8 \uc774\uac83\ub4e4 \uc911 \uba87\uba87\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ub798\ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \ud14c\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774\ub294 \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c\ub294 \uc870\uc0ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc885\ub958\uc758 \ub17c\uc7c1\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ud615\uc131\ub41c \uac00\uc124\uc774 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uac00\uc124(\uc704\uc758 (b)\ub2e8\uacc4)\uc784\uc774 \ubd84\uba85\ud558\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \uad49\uc7a5\ud55c \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc\ub2e4. \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uadf8 \ub2f9\uc2dc \uac00\ub2a5\ud588\ub358 \uc77c\uad00\ub41c \ub17c\ub9ac \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ud06c\uace0 \uba85\ud655\ud55c \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uac00 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \ud45c\ud604\uc5d0 \uc804\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\ubc18\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \uc70c\ub9ac\uc5c4 \ud558\ubca0\uc774\uc640 J.B. \ubc18 \ud5ec\ubaac\ud2b8\ubd80\ud130 \ud074\ub85c\ub4dc \ubca0\ub974\ub098\ub974\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \uc0dd\ub9ac\ud559\uacfc, \ub610\ud55c \ud654\ud559\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc758\uc2ec\ud560 \ubc14 \uc5c6\uc774 \uba85\ubc31\ud574\uc84c\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ubaa8\ub378\uc744 \ud615\uc131\ud588\ub2e4. \uac00\uc124\uc774 \uc218\ud559\ud654\ub41c \uae30\uc6d0\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ub9ce\uc740 \ub17c\uc758\ub4e4\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ud574\uacb0\ub418\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\/&#8221;&#8217;\uc218\ud559\ud654\ub41c \uac00\uc124\uc758 \uae30\uc6d0\uc744 \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \ub9ce\uc740 \ub17c\uc758\ub4e4\uc774 \uc911\uc2ec\uc5d0 \ub193\uc774\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc&#8221;&#8217;, \uadf8 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ud574\uacb0\ub418\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\/ \ucfe0\uc544\ub808\uc640 \uadf8\uc758 \uc798 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \ucc45\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ubc84\ud2b8\ub294 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uad6c\uc870\ucc98\ub7fc \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ubcf4\ub294 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2e4\uc99d\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70 \ud53c\uce58\ub178\uc640 \ub178\ubc14\ub77c \uac19\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc804\ub2ec\ub41c, \ud53c\ud0c0\uace0\ub77c\uc2a4\uc640 \ud50c\ub77c\ud1a4\uc774 \uc900 \uc601\ud5a5\uc758 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc131\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\/\ucfe0\uc544\ub808\uc640 \uadf8\uc758 \uc798 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \ucc45\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ubc84\ud2b8\ub294 &#8221;&#8217;\uc218\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uacc4\ub85c\uc368\uc758 \uc138\uacc4\uad00\uc744 \uc608\uc99d\ud558\ub294&#8221;&#8217; \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud53c\uce58\ub178\uc640 \ub178\ubc14\ub77c \uac19\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc804\ub2ec\ub41c &#8221;&#8217;\ud53c\ud0c0\uace0\ub77c\uc2a4\ud559\ud30c\uc640\uc640 \ud50c\ub77c\ud1a4\ud559\ud30c\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc758 \uc601\uc18d\uc131\uc744 \uc5ed\uc124\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.&#8221;&#8217;\/ \uc544\ub974\ud0a4\uba54\ub370\uc2a4\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uc791\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uc7ac\ubc1c\uacac\uc5d0\uc11c \uc624\ub294 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc790\uadf9 \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \uc218\ud559\uc758 \ub04a\uc784\uc5c6\ub294 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc774 \ub610\ud55c \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4. \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\ub294 \ud655\uc2e4\ud788 \ub9d0\ud55c\ub2e4: <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgfe754ff\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgfe754ff\">17<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgfe754ff\">\n<p> 11\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ucca0\ud559\uc740 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0 \ubc14\ud0d5\uc744 \ub454 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ucc45\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uae30\uc220\ub418\uc5b4\uc84c\uc9c0\ub9cc ( \ub098\ub294 \uc6b0\uc8fc\ub97c \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4 )  \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub97c \ubc30\uc6b0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\uba74 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uadf8\uac83\uc5d0 \uae30\ub85d\ub41c \uae30\ud638\ub4e4\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4\uba74 \ucca0\ud559\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.\/&#8221;&#8217;\ucca0\ud559\uc740 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc8fc\uc2dc\ud558\uae30(\uc778\uc9c0) \uc804\uc5d0 \ub193\uc5ec\uc9c4(\uc4f0\uc5ec\uc9c4) \uadf8&#8221;&#8217; \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ucc45\uc5d0 \uae30\uc220\ub418\uc5b4\uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc (\ub098\ub294 &#8221;&#8217;\uc138\uacc4&#8221;&#8217;\ub97c \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4) &#8221;&#8217;\uba3c\uc800 \uadf8 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub97c&#8221;&#8217; \ubc30\uc6b0\uace0 \uadf8 \ucc45\uc5d0 \uc50c\uc5ec\uc9c4 \uae30\ud638\ub4e4\uc744 \uc7a1\uc9c0(\uc774\ud574\ud558\uc9c0) \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\uba74 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc774\ud574\ud560 \uc218 &#8221;&#8217;\uc5c6\ub2e4&#8221;&#8217;.\/  \uadf8 \ucc45\uc740 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub85c \uae30\uc220\ub418\uc5b4\uc788\uace0 \uae30\ud638\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0bc\uac01\ud615, \uc6d0, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub2e4\ub978 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc758 \uccb4\uacc4\uc774\uba70 \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc5c6\uc774\ub294 \ud55c \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294\ub370  \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud560 \uac83\uc774\uba70, \uc774 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774 \uc5c6\ub2e4\uba74 \uc5b4\ub450\uc6b4 \ubbf8\ub85c\uc5d0\uc11c \uacf5\ud5c8\ud558\uac8c \ubc29\ud669\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \uac19\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 E.W.Strong\uc740 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \uc774\uc804\uacfc \uadf8\uc758 \uc77c\uc0dd\ub3d9\uc548 \uc218\ud559\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc5b8\uae09\ud574 \uc628 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uae30\uc220\uc778\ub4e4\uacfc \uc608\uc220\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc810\uc9c4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud65c\uc6a9\ub418\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc124\ub4dd\ub825 \uc788\uac8c \uc124\uba85\ud574\uc900\ub2e4.\/\uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 E.W.Strong\uc740 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 &#8221;&#8217;\uc774\uc804, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uadf8\uc758&#8221;&#8217; \uc77c\uc0dd\ub3d9\uc548 \uc218\ud559\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 &#8221;&#8217;\uc774\ubbf8&#8221;&#8217; \uc5b8\uae09\ud574 \uc628 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uae30\uc220\uc778\ub4e4\uacfc \uc608\uc220\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc810\uc9c4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud65c\uc6a9\ub418\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4\uace0 &#8221;&#8217;\uc124\ub4dd\ub825\uc788\uac8c&#8221;&#8217; \uc124\uba85\ud574\uc900\ub2e4\/ Nicolo Tartaglia \uc640 Simon Stevin \uacfc \uac19\uc740 , \uc774\ub4e4 \uc911 \uba87\uba87\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc0b4\uc558\ub358 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub85c \uc77c\uceec\uc5b4\uc9c4\ub2e4.  \uac74\uc124 \uae30\uc220, \uc218\ub825 \uacf5\uc5c5, \uc870\uc120\uc5c5, \ucd1d\uae30 \uc81c\uc870 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\uace0 \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub4e4\uc744 \ucca0\uc800\ud558\uac8c \uc218\uce58\uc801\uc778 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uc5ec \ud574\uacb0\ud558\ub824\uace0 \ub178\ub825\ud588\ub2e4.\/&#8221;&#8217;\uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uad00\uc2ec\uc740&#8221;&#8217; \uac74\uc124 \uae30\uc220, \uc218\ub825 \uacf5\uc5c5, \uc870\uc120\uc5c5, \ucd1d\uae30 \uc81c\uc870 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5c8\uace0, &#8221;&#8217;\ucd08\ub300\ub41c(\uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uc5b4\ub5a4\uc77c\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \ucd08\uccad\ub41c) \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ucca0\ub450\ucca0\ubbf8\ud558\uac8c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc815\ub7c9\uc801 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc801\uc6a9(\ud574\uacb0)\ud558\uc600\ub2e4&#8221;&#8217;.\/ \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uce21\uc815\uacfc \ubc95\uce59\uc758 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uac00\uc7a5 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc704\uc5d0 \ub098\uc640\uc788\ub294(c) \ubb38\uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uacfc \ubb38\ub2e8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc22b\uc790\uc0c1\uc758 \ud06c\uae30 \uce21\uc815\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uac00 \ub2a5\uc219\uce58 \ubabb\ud558\ub2e4 \uac83\uc744 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc790\uc5f0\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c \ubc1c\uacac\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uc2e4 Whitehead \uac00 \ub9d0\ud574\uc628 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ud568\uc218\ud654\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc740 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud55c \uc870\uac74\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc758 \ud3ed\uc774 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ub41c \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ud6a8\uacfc\uc5d0 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ub07c\uce58\ub294 \uc9c0\ub97c \uc9c1\uc2dc\ud574\uc57c\ud55c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgdce2a29\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgdce2a29\">18<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgdce2a29\">\n<p> 11\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> &#8216;\uc218\ud559\uc740 \uacfc\ud559\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc5d0 \uc811\uadfc\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub3c4\ub85d \uc0c1\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \uc0dd\uac01\uc758 \uadfc\uc6d0\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud588\ub2e4. \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uac00 \ubc95\uce59\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub370\uce74\ub974\ud2b8\uac00 \ubc95\uce59\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud638\uc774\uac90\uc774 \ubc95\uce59\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub274\ud2bc\uc774 \ubc95\uce59\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4.&#8217; \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0 \ud604\uc0c1\uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \uace1\uc120\uc744 \uadf8\ub9ac\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\uace0 \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4(\uace1\uc120)\uacfc \uc801\ud569\ud55c \uacf5\uc2dd\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud574\ub098\uac14\ub2e4. \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uac08\ub9b4\uac8c\uc624\uc758 \ud601\uc2e0\uc740 \ud559\uad6c\uc801\uc778 \uc774\ub860\uacfc \uc2e4\uc6a9 \uae30\uc220\uc758 \uc735\ud569\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc7a5 \uc798 \ubb18\uc0ac\ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \uacb0\ud569\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ub3c4\ucd9c\ub41c \uacb0\uacfc\uac00 \uc5c4\uccad\ub0a8\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\uc77c\ubb34\uc774\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud574\uc57c\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc18c \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \uc885\ub958\uc758 \uc0c1\ud669\ub4e4\uc774 \uac01\uac01 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uac83\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \ub0ae\uc740 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774\ubbf8 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. Eliade\uac00 \uc9c0\uc801\ud588\ub358 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc, \ud5ec\ub808\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud2f1\ud55c(\uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758) \uc5f0\uae08\uc220\uc740, \ud654\ud559\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uc744 \ub4e4\uc5ec\uc654\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, \uc2e0\ube44\ud558\uace0 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc801\uc778 \ucca0\ud559\uacfc \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \ud654\ud559\uc758 \uc7a5\uc778\uae30\uc220\uc758 \uc735\ud569\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.\/Eliade\uac00 \uc9c0\uc801\ud588\ub358 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc, \ud5ec\ub808\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud2f1\ud55c(\uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758) \uc5f0\uae08\uc220\uc740, &#8221;&#8217;\ud654\ud559\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uc801 \uc218\uc785(\ub3c4\uc785)\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uc5ec&#8221;&#8217;, \uc2e0\ube44\ud558\uace0 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc801\uc778 \ucca0\ud559\uacfc \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \ud654\ud559\uc758 \uc7a5\uc778\uae30\uc220\uc758 \uc735\ud569\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\/ \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ucd08\uae30\uc758 \uc608\uc2dc\uc778, \uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \ub3c4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ucca0\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \ub9c8\uc220 \uae30\uc220\uc790\ub4e4\uc778 \uc0e4\uba38\ub2c8\uc998\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc\uc758 \ub3d9\ub9f9\uc5d0\uc11c \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \ub3c4\uc758 \uae30\uc6d0\uc5d0 \uc775\uc219\ud558\ub2e4.\/\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ucd08\uae30\uc758 \uc608\uc2dc\uc778, &#8221;&#8217;\uc740\ub454&#8221;&#8217; \ucca0\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \ub9c8\uc220 \uae30\uc220\uc790\ub4e4\uc778 \uc0e4\uba38\ub2c8\uc998\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc\uc758 \ub3d9\ub9f9\uc5d0\uc11c \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \ub3c4\uc758 \uae30\uc6d0\uc5d0 \uc775\uc219\ud558\ub2e4\/ <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org82b2993\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org82b2993\">19<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org82b2993\">\n<p> -1\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4 <\/p>\n<p> \ub274\ud134\uc740 \uacf5\uc2dd\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4.&#8217; \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc790\uc5f0\ud604\uc0c1\uacfc \uad00\ub828\ud55c \ud568\uc218\ub97c \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uac70\uae30\uc5d0 \uc801\ud569\ud55c \ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\ud601\uc2e0\uc740 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uacfc \ud559\uad6c\uc801\uc778 \uc774\ub860\uc758 \uacb0\ud569\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc7a5 \uc801\uc808\ud788 \ubb18\uc0ac\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \uc5c5\uc801\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc5f0\uad00\uc131\uc5d0\uc11c \ud30c\uc0dd\ub418\uc5b4 \ub098\uc654\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uce21\uba74\uc774 \uc804\ubd80 \ub3c5\ucc3d\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc778\uc9c0\ud560 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uac00\ub97c \uc0dd\uc0b0\ud574\ub0b4\uba74\uc11c, \ub354 \ub0ae\uc740 \uacc4\uce35\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\uc18c \ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc5d8\ub9ac\uc544\ub370\uac00 \uc9c0\uc801\ud588\ub4ef\uc774, \ud5ec\ub808\ub2c8\uc998\uc758 \uc5f0\uae08\uc220\uc740, \ud654\ud559\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uae30\uc220\uc744 \uc218\uc785\ud568\uacfc \ub354\ubd88\uc5b4, \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \ud654\ud559\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc7a5\uc778\uc815\uc2e0\uacfc \ubc00\uad50, \uadf8\ub178\uc2dc\uc2a4 \ucca0\ud559\uc758 \uacb0\ud569\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0, \uadf8 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \uc0ac\ub840\ub97c \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uba74, \ub3c4\uad50\uc758 \uc6d0\uc2dc-\uacfc\ud559\uc740 \uc0e4\uba38\ub2c8\uc998\uc758 \uc8fc\uc220\uc0ac \ubc0f \uae30\uc220\uc790\uc640 \ub3c4\uad50(\uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \ub3c4)\uc758 \uc218\ud589\uc790\uc640\uc758 \uacb0\ud569\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\uba74, \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\uc220\uc790\uc640 \uc7a5\uc778\uc758 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc774 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc2dd\uc758 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc744 \ud615\uc131\ud55c \uc815\ubc00\ud55c \uac00\uc124\uc758 \uc758\uc2dd\uc801\uc778 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uacfc \ub2ec\ub790\uc744\uae4c? <i>\uc774 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc740 \uc544\uc8fc \ud070 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc65c\ub0d0\ud558\uba74, \uc218\uacf5\uc608\uc5c5\uc790\ub4e4\uc740(\uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ubd80\ub974\uae30\ub85c \uac00\uc815\ud558\uace0) \uc720\ub7fd\uc778\ub9cc\ud07c \ub9ce\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc778\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\uc720\ub7fd \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\ub9cc\ud07c\uc774\ub098 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc218\uc758 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc218\uacf5\uc608\uc5c5\uc790\ub4e4(\uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ubd80\ub974\uae30\ub85c \uac00\uc815\ud558\uace0)\uc5d0\uac8c \uadf8 \uc9c0\ub8ec\uc740 \ud070 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.\/&#8221;&#8217; \uadf8 \uc774\uc804\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\uc11d\ub418\uba74, \uc544\ub798\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uac83\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc5d0\uac8c \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4,: (a) \ud1a0\ub860 \uc911\uc778 \ud604\uc0c1\uc5d0\uc11c, \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uce21\uba74\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd (d) \uc870\uac74\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc5d0 \uc218\ubc18\ub418\ub294, \uc989, \ub354\uc6b1 \uc138\ubd80\uc801\uc778 \uad00\ucc30\uc5d0 \uc218\ubc18\ub418\ub294 \uad00\ucc30- \uc989, \uc2e4\ud5d8\ubc95, \uad6c\uccb4\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\uae30, \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4\uba74, \uc808\ub300\uad11\ub3c4 \uce21\uc815\uae4c\uc9c0 (b) \uc6d0\uc2dc\uc801\uc778 \uc720\ud615\uc758 \uac00\uc124\ud615\uc131(\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4 \ud559\ud30c\uc758 \uc694\uc18c\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\ub294 \uac83, \uc5f0\uae08\uc220\uc0ac\uc758 3\uc8fc\uc694 \uc6d0\uc18c(*\uc5ed\uc8fc-\uc218\uc740. \ud669. \uc5fc)\ub098 \uc74c\uc591\uc624\ud589\uc124) (f) \ub3d9\uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uac00\uc124\uc5d0 \ud06c\uac8c \ud754\ub4e4\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \uad00\ucc30\uacfc \uc2e4\ud5d8 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orga6781d1\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orga6781d1\">20<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orga6781d1\">\n<p> -1\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4 <\/p>\n<p> \uc774\ub860\uc801 \uadfc\uac70\uc758 \ubd80\uc871 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uac1c\ubcc4 \uad50\uc721\uc774\ub098 \ud6c8\ub828\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574, \uadf8 \ub2e4\uc74c \uc138\ub300\uae4c\uc9c0 \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \uce21\uba74\uc744 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud560 \ud544\uc694\uc131\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc2e4\uc99d\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud55c \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \ucd95\uc801\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud588\ub2e4. \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc138\ub300\uc640 \uc7a5\uc18c\uc640 \uad00\ub828\ud558\uc5ec, \uc911\uad6d\uacfc \uc720\ub7fd \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uc131\ucde8\ub41c \uae30\uc220\ub825\uc758 \uc218\uc900\uc5d0 \ud604\uaca9\ud55c \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4; \uc11c\uc591\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0f9\uacfc \ucd08\uc6b0\uc758 \uccad\ub3d9-\uc81c\uc791\uc744 \ub2a5\uac00\ud558\uac70\ub098, \ub3c4\uc790\uae30\uacf5\uc778 \ud0d5\uacfc \uc131\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uc5d0 \ubc84\uae08\uac00\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uae38\ubc84\ud2b8\uc758 \uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud655\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \uad6c\uc138\uacc4(\ub3d9\ubc18\uad6c)\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ub05d \ucabd\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0, \ub3c4\uc790\uae30\uacf5\ub4e4\uc774 \uc628\ub3c4\uc870\uc808\uc744 \ud1b5\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \ub3c4\uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc0c9\uc774\ub098 \uad11\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uc0b0\ucd9c\ud558\uc600\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uae30\uc220\uc801\uc778 \uc791\uc6a9\uc774 \ube44-\uc218\ub7c9\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0\ub294 \ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc744 \uac83\uc774\uba70, \ud48d\uc218\uc0ac\uac00 \ubc29\uc704\ub97c \uc0b4\ud3b4\uc8fc\uba74\uc11c \ubcf4\uc870\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub354\ub77c\uba74, \uc790\uae30\ud3b8\ucc28\uc758 \ubc1c\uacac\uc774 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud588\uc5c8\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc808\ucc28\uc758 \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub294, \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \ud559\ud30c\uc640 \uc218\uacf5\uc608\uc5c5\uc790\ub4e4 \ubaa8\ub450, \uc8fc\ubaa9\uc744 \ubc1b\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0 \uc9c0\ub098\uac00\ubc84\ub838\ub2e4.\/\ud574\uc11d\uc774 \uc548\ub41c \ubd80\ubd84\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. &#8221;&#8217;\uc870\uc9c1\ud654\ub41c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \ud750\ub984\uacfc\ub294 \ubcc4\ub3c4\ub85c \ud2b9\uc815 \ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \uace0\ub9bd\uc740 \uc778\uacf5\uc801\uc778 \ud2b9\uc131\uc774 \uc815\uad50\ud558\uac8c \uac00\ubbf8\ub41c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubd84\uc57c\uc758 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0 \ucc38\uace0 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0ac\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uc911\uc138\uc758 \uc218\uacf5\uc608\uac00\ub4e4(\uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc778\uacfc\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978)\uc774 \uadf8\ub4e4 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\uc5d0\uac8c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad00\uc2ec\uc740 17\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub4e4 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uacfc\uac70\uc758 \uc11c\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c\ucc98\ub7ec \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \uc7a5\uc778\ub4e4\uacfc \uc218\uacf5\uc608\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \uc81c\ud55c\ub41c \ubd84\uc57c\uc640 \ub2e8\uccb4\uc5d0\ub9cc \uad00\uc2ec\uc744 \ubcf4\uc778\ub370\uc11c \ub354\uc6b1 \uc790\uc5f0\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4&#8221;&#8217; <\/p>\n<p> *19\uc640 20\uc744 \uad6c\ubd84\uc744 \uc798 \ud560 \uc218\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5b4\uc11c.  \ub098\uc911\uc5d0 \ud655\uc778\ud558\uc2e4 \ub54c \uad6c\ubd84 \uc880 \ud574 \uc8fc\uc138\uc694 ^_^ <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org634742a\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org634742a\">21<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org634742a\">\n<p> 2\uc870 <\/p>\n<p> \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \ub610\ud55c \ub2e4\ub978 \uc77c\ub3c4 \ud558\uc600\ub294\ub370, \uacb0\uacfc\uc758 \ud655\uc2e4\uc131\uc744 \uc704\ud574\uc11c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc744 \ubc18\ubcf5\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uae68\ub2eb\uae30\ub3c4 \ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc774 \uad49\uc7a5\ud788 \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\ub358 \uc774\uc720\ub294 \ub300\uc790\uc5f0 \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc8fc\uae30\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \ucc9c\uccb4 \ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \uc7ac\ud604\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \ubc18\ubcf5\uc774 \uc81c\uacf5\ub418\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc911\uc138\uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uc7a5\uc778\ub4e4(\uc720\ub7fd\uc778 \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc911\uad6d\uc778\uae4c\uc9c0) \ub610\ud55c \uc9c0\uad6c\uc0c1\uc758 \ubc18\ubcf5\uacfc \ud604\ub300 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uacfc \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc0c1\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub358 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ub2e8\uacc4\ub4e4\uc744 \uccb4\uacc4\ud654\ud558\ub294\ub370 \uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \ub4e4\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub2e4\uc18c \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubd80\uc871\ud588\ub358 Leonardo\uc758 \uc774\ub860\uc740 \uac00\uc124 \uc124\uc815\uc758 \uc601\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uc81c\uc57d\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. Duhem\uc740 \uc790\uc2e0\uc774 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4 \ub0b8 \uac00\uc2a4\uccb4 \uc0c1\ud0dc\uc640 \uad00\ub828\ub41c \uc131\ucde8\uc640 \ubc1c\uacac\uc744 \uae30\uc220\ud558\uace0 \ub098\uc11c \uadf8\uc758 \uacf5\uae30, \ubd88,\uc5f0\uae30, \uc218\uc99d\uae30\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc0dd\uac01\ub4e4\uc774 \uc911\uc138 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc5d0 \uc2a4\uba70\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \uadf8\uac00 \uc774\ub904\ub0b8 \uac83\uacfc \uc81c\uc548\ud55c \uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uac70\uc758 \uc124\uba85\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac83\ub4e4\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc9c0\uc801\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac00 \uc2b5\ub3c4\uacc4, \ud5ec\ub9ac\ucf65\ud130 \ub610\ub294 \uc6d0\uc2ec\ub825\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c \ud38c\ud504\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc2a4\ucf00\uce58\ub97c \ud558\ub294 \ub3d9\uc548, \uadf8\ub294 \uc816\uc740 \uc735\ub2e8\uc758 \uc218\ubd84\uc774 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubd88\uc758 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc774\ub294 \uacbd\ud5a5\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 <i>\uadf8\uac83\uc758 \ub35c \ubb3c\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ubd80\ubd84\uc774<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\ub354 \uac00\ubcbc\uc6b4 \ubd80\ubd84\uc774&#8221;&#8217; \ud558\ub298\uc744 \ud5a5\ud574 \uc0c1\uc2b9\ud568\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc758 \uc774\uc720\ub294 \ubd88\uc774 \ub9c8\uce58 \uc885\uad50\uc801\uc778 \uc131\uc9c8\ucc98\ub7fc \uac00\ubcbc\uc6b4 \uac83\ub4e4\uc744 \uc704\ub85c \uc62e\uaca8\uc8fc\ub294 \uc131\uc9c8\uc744 \uac00\uc84c\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc744 \uc880 \ub354 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc124\uba85\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \ud544\uc694\ub294 \uc5c6\uc9c0\ub9cc,\uc801\ub2f9\ud55c \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc774\ub860\uc774 \uc5c6\uc774 \ube44\uc0c1\ud55c \uae30\uc220\uc801 \uc131\uacfc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org8fef7e3\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org8fef7e3\">22<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org8fef7e3\">\n<p> 10\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed \uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uc5ec \uc8fc\uba70 \ub610\ud55c Galilean\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc Vincean\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc911\uad6d \uace0\uc720\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uae30\uc220\uc774 \uc774\ub8e9\ub41c \uc2dc\uc810\uc744 \uc54c\ub824 \uc900\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0 \uc815\ud655\ud558\uac8c \ubb34\uc2a8 \uc77c\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ubc1d\ud788\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\uc9c1\uc740 \uc26c\uc6b4 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5ed\uc0ac\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc624\ub7ab\ub3d9\uc548 12\uc138\uae30 \uc911\ubc18\uc774 \uc720\ub7fd\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0ac\uc0c1\uc774 \ubc1c\uc804\ud55c \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc758 \uc804\ud658\uc810\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uc5ec \uc654\ub2e4. \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \uc138\uacc4\uc640\uc758 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc811\ucd09\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \uc790\uadf9 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0 \ub610\ub294 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4 \ud558\ub354\ub7ec\ub3c4 12\uc138\uae30\uc640 13\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uc778\uac04\uc911\uc2ec\uc801\uc778 \uc0c1\uc9d5\uc8fc\uc758\uc640\ub294 \ub2ec\ub9ac \uac1d\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc790\uc5f0\uc5d0 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ud765\ubbf8\ub97c \uac16\ub294 \uac70\ub300\ud55c \ubcc0\ud654\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubcc0\ud654\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0ac\uc0c1\uacfc \uc608\uc220 \ubd84\uc57c, \uc989 \ubc1c\uc804\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub358 \uace0\ub515 \uc591\uc2dd\uc758 \ub3cc \uc870\uac01 \uc790\uc5f0\uc8fc\uc758\ubd80\ud130 \uc2e0\ud559, \uc608\ubc30\uc2dd \ubc0f \ud76c\uace1\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c8\ub86d\uac8c \ud0dc\ub3d9\ud558\ub358 \ud604\uc2e4\uc8fc\uc758\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4. \ud604\ub300 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uadfc\uc6d0\uc744 \ucd94\uc801\ud558\ub294\ub370 \uc774 \uc790\uc5f0\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uc744 \uac04\uacfc\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \uc548 \ub41c\ub2e4. <i>\ub354 \ub192\uc740 artisanate\ub9cc\uc774<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\ub192\uc740 \uc218\uc900\uc758 \uc218\uacf5\uc608\uac00\ub4e4\ub9cc\uc774&#8221;&#8217; \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624 \uc804\uc758 Galilean \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ud55c \uc870\uc9c1\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uc624\ub7ab\ub3d9\uc548 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c \ucca0\ud559 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\uc73c\uba70 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c \ucca0\ud559\uc740 \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5b4 \ub808\uc624\ub098\ub974\ub3c4\ub97c \uac70\uccd0 \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc774 \uacc4\uc18d \ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgf7973dc\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgf7973dc\">23<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgf7973dc\">\n<p> 10\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\uc815\uc138\ud604, \uc2e0\ubbfc\ucca0) <\/p>\n<p> \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4\ub294 \uc2e4\uc81c\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uacfc \ub17c\uac70\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd \ub610\ub294 \uc2e4\uc81c\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uad6c\ubcc4\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uac83\ub4e4\uc774 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \ud655\uc778\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud588\ub294\uc9c0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud655\uc2e4\ud55c \uadfc\uac70\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uc625\uc2a4\ud37c\ub4dc\uc758 13\uc138\uae30 \ucd08 \ucca0\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c \uc790\uc5f0\ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \uae4a\uc740 \uc774\ud574\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc5d0 \ud765\ubbf8\ub97c \uac16\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\uace0, <i>\uac00\uc124\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\uc640 \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uc2dc\ud5d8\ubc29\ubc95\uc5d0<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\uc804\uc81c \uc870\uac74\uacfc \uc2e4\ud5d8 \ubc29\ubc95\uc5d0&#8221;&#8217; \ub9ce\uc740 \uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uae30\uc6b8\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7f0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub4e4\uc740 \ud6c4\uc5d0 Padua(Averroism\uc774 \uac15\ud588\uace0, \ub17c\ub9ac\ub97c \uc758\ud559\uc758 \uc11c\ub450\ub85c \uacf5\ubd80\ud558\ub098, \ubc95\uacfc \uc2e0\ud559\uc744 \uacf5\ubd80\ud558\uc9c0\uc54a\ub294)\uc758 \ub300\ud559\uad50\uc640 \uad00\ub828\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. 14~16\uc138\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0 \uadf8\uacf3\uc5d0\uc11c \ub17c\uc758\ub418\uc5b4\uc9c4\uac83\uc740 \uc218\uc2dd\ud654\uc758 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc694\uc18c\ub97c \uc81c\uc678\ud55c \uac08\ub9b4\ub808\uc624\uc758 \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9 \uc2e4\uc0b0\uacfc \uc5b4\ub5a4\uc5f0\uad00\uc131\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\ub860\uc744 \uc774\ub04c\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\uc11d\ub41c \uadf8 \uc774\ub860\uc740 (Padua regressus\ub77c \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294) \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> a) \ub17c\uc758 \uc544\ub798 \uc0c1\uc138\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130, \ubaa8\ub4e0\uac83\uc758 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc810\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd, \uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \ub3d9\uc77c\uc131\uacfc \ud45c\ubcf8\uc758 \ud0dc\ud45c\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubbff\uc74c \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubd88\ud544\uc694\ud558\uac8c \uc778\uc2dd\ub418\ub294 \uc644\uc804\ud55c \uacc4\uc0b0. <\/p>\n<p> b) \uc774\ub4e4 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc758 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801 \ub0b4\uc6a9 \ucd94\ub860\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc6d0\ub9ac\uc758 \uadc0\ub0a9\ubc95. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orge97e5ea\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orge97e5ea\">24<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orge97e5ea\">\n<p> 12\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> (c&#8217;) \uc774 \uac00\uc124\uc801\uc778 \uc815\uc758\uc758 \uc0c1\uc138\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \ucd94\ub860(\uc0dd\uac01\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\uc758 \uc885\ud569, \ud569\uc131) (d&#8217;) \uadfc\uac70\ub098 \ubc18\uc99d\uc744 \uc774\ub04c\uc5b4\ub0b4\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \ud639\uc740 \ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\uc744 \uad00\ucc30. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub4dc\ubb38 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc815\ub3c8\ub41c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9d0. (e&#8217;) (b&#8217;) \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uacf5\uc2dd\ud654 \ub41c \uac00\uc124\uc801\uc778 \uc815\uc758\ub97c \uc218\ub77d \ud639\uc740 \ud3d0\uae30. <\/p>\n<p> \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \ub354 \uace0\ub4f1\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\uacf5\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5c5\ubb34\uac00 Galilean\uc758 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc758 \ubd80\uac00\uc801\uc778 \ud639\uc740 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \ubd80\ubd84\uacfc \uc720\uc0ac\ud588\ub358 \ubc18\uba74\uc5d0, \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\ub860\uc744 \uc138\uc6b0\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc740 \ucd5c\uc120\uc758 \ud639\uc740 \ucd94\ub860\uc801\uc778 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc804\uc870\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub3d9\uc758\uac00 \uad81\uadf9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc124\uc744 \uac80\uc99d\ud558\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 <i>\uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ud3ed\ub113\uac8c \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub294<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ub3d9\uc758\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub294&#8221;&#8217; \uc758\uc2ec\uc2a4\ub7ec\uc6b4 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 <i>\uac80\uc99d \ud558\uc758 \uac00\uc124\uc758 \uc790\uc6d0\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub358, \ub2e8\ub77d (d&#8217;)\uc5d0 \ub098\uc624\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud604\uc0c1\ub4e4\uc744 \uac80\ud1a0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc744 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uba85\ubc31\ud558\uc9c0\uac00 \uc54a\ub2e4.<\/i>&#8221;&#8217;\ub2e8\ub77d d\uc5d0 \ub098\uc624\ub294 \uac83 \ucc98\ub7fc \uadf8 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uac00\uc124\uc744 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud604\uc0c1\uc5d0 \ub300\uc785\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub294 \uba85\ubc31\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4.&#8221;&#8217;  \uac8c\ub2e4\uac00, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uac00\uc124\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uad6c\uc2dd\uc758 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \ub6f0\uc5b4\ub118\uc5b4 \ub354 \ub098\uc740 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c4\uc804\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uc880\ucc98\ub7fc \uc131\uacf5\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. Robert Grosseteste of Lincoln(1168~1253)\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc790\uc5f0\ucca0\ud559\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694\uc778\ubb3c\ub85c \ubf51\ud600\uc654\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadc0\ub0a9\uacfc \ucd94\ub860\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc774\uc6d0\uc801\uc778 \uacfc\uc815\uc740 Galen\uacfc \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc758 \uae30\ud558\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\ub85c \uac70\uc2ac\ub7ec \uc62c\ub77c\uac04\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ubc15\uc2dd\ud55c \ud559\uc790\uc778 Abu Yusuf Ya&#8217;qub ibn-Ishaq al-Kindi(873)\ub098 \uc758\ud559 \ub17c\ud3c9\uac00\uc778 Ali ibn Ridwan(998~1061)\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc544\ub77c\ube44\uc544\uc758 \uc778\ub4e4\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574  Grosseteste\uc5d0\uac8c \uc804\ud574\uc84c\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orga9fe764\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orga9fe764\">25<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orga9fe764\">\n<p> 12\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ube44\ub85d Grosseteste\uac00 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ub354 \ud3ed\ub113\uc740 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc744 \ub118\uc5b4\uc120 \uc870\uc9c1\ud654\ub41c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc774 \uac00\uc124\uc744 \uc785\uc99d \ub610\ub294 \ubc18\uc99d\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc4f0\uc5ec\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud588\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub77c \ud558\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4, \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uadf8 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\uac00 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\uc600\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud560 \uadfc\uac70\uac00 \ub418\uc9c0\ub294 \ubabb\ud55c\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8\ub294 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\uc758 \uc601\uad6d\uc0ac\ub78c Roger Bacon(1214~1292)\uacfc Thomas Bradwardine(1290~1349), \uc790\uae30\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\uc758 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc0ac\ub78c Petrus Peregrinus(1260~1270), \uad11\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\uc758 Pole Witelo(1230~1280), \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \ubb34\uc9c0\uac1c \uc774\ub860\uc744 \ub0b4\uc5c8\ub358 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc0ac\ub78c Theodoric of Freiburg(1311)\ub4f1\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c 13\uc138\uae30 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uacfc\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub358 \ub2f9\uc2dc\uc758 \uae30\uac04\ub3d9\uc548\uc5d0 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uacac\uc8fc\uc5b4\uc9c8 \ub9cc\ud55c \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uae30\uc774\ud55c \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 14\uc138\uae30 \ucd08\uae30\uac00 \uc9c0\ub09c \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc9c0\uac8c \ud1f4\ud654\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\uace0, Galileo\uc758 \uc2dc\ub300\uac00 \uc624\uae30 \uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc5b8\uc5b4\uc801\uc778 \ub17c\uc7c1\ub9cc\uc774 \ub610 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc720\ub7fd\uc744 \uc9c0\ubc30\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc778 \uacfc\ud559\uc5d0 \uad00\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uc18d\ub3c4\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc774 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\uc5c8\ub294\ub370 \uc65c\ub0d0\ud558\uba74 14\uc138 \ud6c4\ubc18\uacfc 15\uc138\uae30 \ubb34\ub835\uc5d0 \uc8fc\ub85c \ub3c5\uc77c\uc5d0\uc11c \uad70\uc778\uacf5\ubcd1\ub4e4\uc758 \uc99d\uac00\uac00 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uace0 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uc5c5\uc801\uc740 Galileo \uc774\uc804 \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uc138\uae30\uc758 \ub354 \ub192\uc740 \uae30\uacc4\uacf5\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5c5\uc801\uc758 \uc804\uc870\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uad6d\uba74\uc758 \uc2dc\uc870\ub294 Konrad Kyeser(1366~1405)\uc640 \uadf8\uc758 \uc800\uc11c Bellifortis\uc774\uba70 1396\ub144\uc5d0 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub354 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \uc778\ubb3c\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uba70 \ud2b9\ud788 Guido da Vigevano(1280~1345)\uac00 \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778\ub370 \uae30\uacc4\uc640 \uc804\uc7c1\ubb34\uae30\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uadf8\uc758 \uc791\uc5c5\uc740 Theodoric of Freiburg\uac00 \uc8fd\uc740 \ud6c4 \uc624\uc9c1 20\ub144\uc774 \uc9c0\ub09c \ud6c4\uc5d0 \ub05d\uc774 \ub09c \uac83\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org8eff250\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org8eff250\">26<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org8eff250\">\n<p> 8\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> Giovanni de fontana(1410~1420), Hussite \uc804\uc7c1(1420~1433)\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc775\uba85 \uacf5\ud559\uc790, Abraham of Memmingen(1422)\ub4f1 \ub9ce\uc740 \uacfc\ud559 \uae30\uc220\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 Keysar\ub97c \ub530\ub790\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ucd1d\ud3ec\uc640 \ud654\uc57d\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uae30\uc220\uc5d0\uc11c \uc601\uac10\uc744 \uc5bb\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub9ac\ud558\uc5ec \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 Roger bacon\uc5d0\uc11c Galileo\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc8fc\uc758 \uc0ac\uc870\uac00 \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc 1310\ub144\ub300 \uc774\ud6c4\ub85c \ud559\ubb38\uc801\uc778 \ucca0\ud559\uc758 \uacf5\ud5cc\uc740 \uba48\ucdb0 \ubc84\ub838\uace0, \uc774\ud6c4 300\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548\uc740 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \uc9c0\ubc30\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\uc870\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ub204\uad70\uac00\ub294 11\uc138\uae30\uc640 12\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ud68d\ub4dd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc2e0\uc720\uad50\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc138\uc6b4 \ud559\uc124\uc774 13\uc138\uae30\uc758 \uc720\ub7fd \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c \ucca0\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uadf8\uac83\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub35c \uc9c4\ubcf4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \uc758\ubb38\uc744 \uc81c\uae30\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc2e0\uc720\uad50\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294, \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \uad00\ucc30\uc5d0\uc11c \ube44\ub86f\ub41c \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc6d0\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc18c\uac1c\ud558\ub294 \uac83(b&#8217;, resolutio\uc758 \ub450\ubc88\uc9f8 \ubd80\ubd84)\uc774 \uc7a0\uc7ac\uc801\uc774\uac70\ub098 \uace0\uc720\ud55c \uc591\uc2dd\uc744 \ucc3e\ub294 \uc77c\uc758 \ud45c\ubcf8\uc774\ub2e4. \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 Hsu Heng(1209~1281)\uc5d0\uac8c \uc774\ub807\uac8c \ubb3c\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ub9cc\uc77c \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc138\uc0c1\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\ub4e4\uc758 \uc591\uc2dd\uc744 \ud30c\uc545(\ub9d0 \uadf8\ub300\ub85c \ucca0\uc800\ud788 \uaddc\uba85)\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74, \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc5d0\ub294 \uadf8 \uc790\uccb4\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc774\uc720\uc640 \ub530\ub97c \uc218\ubc16\uc5d0 \uc5c6\ub294 (\ub2e4\ub978 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\ub4e4\uacfc \uacf5\uc874\ud558\ub294)\uaddc\uce59\uc774 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\uae4c? \uc774\uac83\uc774 \ubc14\ub85c \uadf8 \u2018\uc591\uc2dd\u2019\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc758\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub358\uac00\uc694? <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org157ca19\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org157ca19\">27<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org157ca19\">\n<p> 13\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\ub0b4\uc6a9\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> Hsu Heng\uc740 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub41c \uae30\uc220\uc801 \uc6a9\uc5b4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc758\ubbf8\ub97c \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ud55c \uc774 \ub9d0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub3d9\uc758\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0dd\ubb3c\uacfc \uc0ac\uac74\ub4e4\uc758 \uc2dc\uacf5\uac04\uc801 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \ub3c4\ucc98\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 li\uc758 \ud45c\uba85\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uacb0\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4. &#8216;Chheng I-Chhuan (1033~1108) \uc774 \ub9d0\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.&#8217;\uc5b4\ub514\ub4e0\uac04\uc5d0 li\ub294 \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4.&#8217;\ub3d9\uc740 \ub3d9\uc774\uace0 \uc11c\ub294 \uc11c\uc774\ub2e4.&#8217; \uadc0\ub0a9\ubc95\uc5d0 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc2e0\uc720\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc911\uc694 \uc5b4\uad6c\ub294 Ta Hsueh(Great Learning)\uc758 \ubcf8\ubb38 \uc57d 260 \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 &#8220;\uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ud655\uc7a5\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\ubb3c\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0 \ub2ec\ub824\uc788\ub2e4.&#8221; \ub294 \ub9d0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\ubb3c\ub4e4\uac04\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc77c\uc885\uc758 \uac11\uc791\uc2a4\ub7f0 \ud1b5\ucc30\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\uc600\uace0, \ub9c8\uce58 \ud328\ud134\uc758 \uad6c\uc131\uc694\uc18c\ub4e4\uc774 \uac11\uc790\uae30 &#8216;\ub4a4\uac00 \ub9de\uc544\uac00\ub294 \uac83&#8217;\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc600\ub2e4. \ub9d0\ud558\uc790\uba74, \uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \ud615\uc0c1\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\uac00 \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc758 \uc9d1\uacc4\ud310 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uc758\ubbf8\uc788\ub294 \ubc30\uc5f4\ub85c \uc870\ud654\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \ub2e4\uc591\uc131\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \ub69c\ub837\ud55c \uc790\uc5f0\uc801 \ud328\ud134\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\ud574\ub294 &#8216;\uad00\uacc4\uc9d3\uae30&#8217; \ud639\uc740 &#8216;\ud1b5\ucc30\ud558\uae30&#8217; \ud639\uc740 &#8216;\uc0c1\ud638\uad00\uacc4\uc9d3\uae30&#8217; \uc758 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc5fd\uc804 \uad6c\uba4d\uc5d0 \uc2e4\uc774 \uaff0\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\ub294 \uadf8\ub9bc\uc744 \uc0c1\uc0c1\ud574\ubcf4\uba74 \ub418\uaca0\ub2e4. Chheng\uc758 \ud615\uc81c \uc911 \ud55c\uba85\uc774 \ub9d0\ud588\ub4ef\uc774, &#8216;\uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \ub9d0\uc744 \ub4e3\uace0, \uc0ac\uac74\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ubc30\uc6b0\uace0, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc774 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ub9d0\uc774\ub098 \uc0ac\uac74\uc5d0 \uad6d\ud55c\ub420\ub54c \ub9c8\ub2e4, \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud558\uac8c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uc744 \ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.&#8217; \ub610\ub2e4\ub978 Chheng\uc758 \uc11c\uc220\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgf9d9c84\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgf9d9c84\">28<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgf9d9c84\">\n<p> 5\uc870\uac00 \ud558\uc138\uc694. &#8211; \uae40\uc601\uc6b1 <\/p>\n<p> 5\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ud328\ud134\ub4e4\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub824\uace0 \ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubb34\uc218\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \ud328\ud134\uc744 \ucca0\uc800\ud558\uace0 \uc644\uc804\ud558\uac8c \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uaf2d \ud544\uc694\ud558\uc9c4 \uc54a\ub2e4. \uc774 \ud328\ud134\ub4e4 \uc911 \uc624\uc9c1 \ud558\ub098\ub9cc\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uadf8 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \ub2ec\uc131\ud560 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \ub2e8\uc9c0 \ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc218\ub97c \ucd95\uc801\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\uba74 \uadf8 \ud328\ud134\ub4e4\uc774 \uc790\uc5f0\uc2a4\ub7fd\uac8c \uba85\ubc31\ud574\uc9c8 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ud55c \uac00\uc9c0\ub098 \ud55c \uc791\uc740 \uadf8\ub8f9\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uc911\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0\uc2a4\ub7f0 \uc778\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub098\ub294 chheng \ud615\uc81c\uc758 \uc2e0\ub150\uc740, \uacfc\ud559\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\uc99d\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \uc911\uad6d \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc2e4\ud328\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud2b9\ud788 \ud765\ubbf8\ub86d\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ub204\uad70\uac00 Cheng I-Chhuan\uc5d0\uac8c \ubb3c\uc5c8\ub2e4. \u2018\ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \uc870\uc0ac\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\uae4c. \uc544\ub2c8\uba74 \ud558\ub098\ub9cc\uc744 \uc870\uc0ac\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uac04\ub2e8\ud788 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \ud328\ud134\ub4e4\uc744 \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\uae4c?\u2019 (I-Chhuan\uc774 \ub300\ub2f5\ud588\ub2e4): \u2018\uc544\ub2c8\uc694. \uadf8\ub7f0 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud3ec\uad04\uc801\uc778 \uc0c1\ud638 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc788\uc744 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. Yen Tzu\ub294 \ub2e8\uc9c0 \ud558\ub098\ub9cc\uc744 \uc870\uc0ac\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud328\ud134\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub824\uace0 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc744 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub9e4\uc77c \ud558\ub098\ub97c \uc870\uc0ac\ud55c \ub4a4\uc5d0 \ub2e4\ub978 \uac83\uc744 \uc870\uc0ac\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\uba74 \ub9ce\uc740 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc774 \ucd95\uc801\ub41c \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc0c1\ud638 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub85c \ub098\uc544\uac08 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\u2019 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org97bb8b4\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org97bb8b4\">29<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org97bb8b4\">\n<p> 3\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed \uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ub0b4\uad00, \uc989 (\uc790\uc2e0\uc758) \ub9c8\uc74c\uc744 \ub4e4\uc5ec\ub2e4\ubcf4\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc678\ubb3c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \ubabb\ud55c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ub2e4\uc2dc\uae08 \ub204\uad70\uac00\uac00 \uc815\uc790(\uc815\uc774\ucc9c)\uc5d0\uac8c \ubb3c\uc5c8\ub2e4. \u2018\uc678\ubb3c\uc744 \uad00\ucc30\ud558\uace0 \ub0b4\uba74\uc744 \ud0d0\uad6c\ud558\ub294\ub370 \uc788\uc5b4, \uc678\ubb3c\ub4e4 \uc911 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \ubcf4\uace0(\uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uace0) \uc788\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc54c\uae30\uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\ub97c \ub418\ub3cc\uc544\ubcfc \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0\uc694?\u2019 (\uc815\uc774\ucc9c\uc774 \ub2f5\ud558\uae30\ub97c): \u2018\uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ud560 \ud544\uc694\ub294 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc678\ubd80\uc758 \uc138\uacc4(\uc678\ubb3c)\uc640 \uc790\uc544\ub294 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uac70\ub300\ud55c \ud328\ud134(\uc720\ud615)\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc744 \ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4; \u201c\uadf8\uac83(\uc678\ubb3c)\u201d\uc774 \uc774\ud574\ub418\uba74, \u201c\uc774\uac83(\ub0b4\uba74 \ud639\uc740 \uc790\uc544)\u201d\ub294 \uba85\ud655\ud574\uc9c4\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc774 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc640 \uc678\ubd80\uac00 \ud558\ub098\uac00 \ub418\ub294 \ub3c4\uc774\ub2e4. \ud559\uc790(\uad70\uc790)\ub294 \ubaa8\ub984\uc9c0\uae30 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc790\uc5f0\uc744 \uad00\ucc30\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ud574\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. &#8211; \ud55c\ud3b8\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \ud558\ub298\uc758 \ub192\uc74c\uacfc \ub545\uc758 \ub450\ud130\uc6c0\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 -\ub2e4\ub978 \ud55c\ud3b8\uc73c\ub85c\ub294, \uc65c \ud558\ub098\uc758 (\uc0ac\uc18c\ud55c) \ubb3c\uac74\uc774 \uc65c \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c\uac00\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0.\u2019 <\/p>\n<p> \ub2e4\ub978 \uc774\uac00 \ubb3c\uc5c8\ub2e4: \u2018\uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \ub298\ub9bc\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4, (\uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ud328\ud134(\uc720\ud615)\uc744) \ud0d0\uad6c\ud568\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4 \u201c\ub124 \uac1c\uc758 \uc2dc\uc791\ub4e4(\uc0ac\ub2e8 \u56db\u7aef)\u201d\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uc2b5\ub2c8\uae4c?\u2019 (\ucca0\ud559\uc790\uac00 \ub2f5\ud558\uae30\ub97c): \u2018\uc6b0\ub9ac \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \ubcf8\uc131\uacfc \uc5f4\uc815 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub2e8\uc744 \ucc3e\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788 \uac04\ub2e8\ud558\uace0 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uac00\uae4c\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4, \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud480\uc758 \uc78e\ub4e4\uacfc \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ub098\ubb34\ub294 \uadf8\ub4e4 \uace0\uc720\uc758 \ud328\ud134\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788 \ud0d0\uad6c\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\u2019 <\/p>\n<p> \u2018\uc0c8\ub4e4, \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4, \ud480\ub4e4\uacfc \ub098\ubb34\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\ub984(\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc18d\uc131\ub4e4)\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub113\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc740 \uadf8\uac83\ub4e4\uc758 \ud328\ud134\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\ud574\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\ub4e4 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc774\ub2e4.\u2019 <\/p>\n<p> \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc218\uc900\uc774 \ube44\ub85d \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4\uae30\uc758 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc801 \uc218\uc900\uae4c\uc9c0\ub294 \uc544\ub2c8\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4, \uc911\uc138 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ud559\ubb38\uc218\uc900\uacfc \uadf8\ub9ac \ub3d9\ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uc218\uc900\uc740 \uc544\ub2cc \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ol class=\"org-ol\">\n<li>\uc774\ub294 \ub9f9\uc790\ub97c \uc554\uc2dc\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub9f9\uc790, II (I), vi, 5 (Legge (3), p.79). \uce21\uc740\uc9c0\uc2ec(\u60fb\u96b1\u4e4b\u5fc3)\uc740 \uc778\uac04\uc801\uc778 \uac10\uc815\uc758 \uc2dc\uc791\uc774\uace0, \ubd80\ub044\ub7fd\uace0 \uc2eb\uc5b4\ud568\uc740 \uc62e\uc74c\uc758 \uc2dc\uc791\uc774\uba70, \uacb8\uc190\ud568\uacfc \uc815\uc911\ud568\uc740 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud55c \uc608\uc808\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uba70, \u2018\uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \ud560 \uac83(\uc633\uc740 \uac83)\u2019\uacfc \u2018\uc788\uc5b4 \uc11c\ub294 \uc548 \ub418\ub294 \uac83(\uc633\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uac83)\u2019\uc744 \ud310\ub2e8\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud559\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc774\ub978\ub2e4. Cf. Hsiao Hs&amp;uuml;eh Kan Chu, ch. 3, p. 16a.  \uc5ed\uc790 \uc8fc : \uc717\uae00\uc740 \uc601\ubb38\uc744 \ubc88\uc5ed\ud55c \uae00\uc774\uace0, \ud754\ud788 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc811\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ub9f9\uc790\uc758 \uae00\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc740 \uc544\ub798\uc640 \uac19\ub2e4. \u2018\ubd88\uc30d\ud788 \uc5ec\uae30\ub294 \ub9c8\uc74c\u2019\uc740 \uc5b4\uc9d0\uc758 \uadf9\uce58\uc774\uace0, \ubd80\ub044\ub7ec\uc6c0\uc744 \uc544\ub294 \ub9c8\uc74c\uc740 \uc633\uc74c\uc758 \uadf9\uce58\uc774\uace0, \uc0ac\uc591\ud558\ub294 \ub9c8\uc74c\uc740 \uc608\uc808\uc758 \uadf9\uce58  \uc774\uace0, \uc633\uace0 \uadf8\ub984\uc744 \uc544\ub294 \ub9c8\uc74c\uc740 \uc9c0\ud61c\uc758 \uadf9\uce58\uc774\ub2e4[\u60fb\u96b1\u4e4b\u5fc3 \u4ec1\u4e4b\u7aef\u4e5f \u7f9e\uf9b9\u4e4b\u5fc3 \u7fa9\u4e4b\u7aef\u4e5f \u8fad\u8b93\u4e4b\u5fc3 \uf9b6\u4e4b\u7aef\u4e5f \u662f\u975e\u4e4b  \u5fc3 \u667a\u4e4b\u7aef\u4e5f].<\/li>\n<li>Honan Chh&amp;ecirc;ng shih I Shu, ch. 18, pp. 8b, 9a.<\/li>\n<li>Honan Chh&amp;ecirc;ng shih I Shu, ch. 25, p. 6b; \ub450 \uac1c\uc758 \ubb38\ub2e8\uc740 tr. auct. adjuv. Graham (I). \uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc758 \uac00\uce58\uc5d0 \ub300 \ud55c \uc5b8\uae09\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc778\uc6a9\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. Lun Y&amp;uuml;, xvii, ix, 7. \u3147\u314d\uc0ac\ud55c \ubb38\ub2e8\uc774 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4. Yang Kuri-Shan Chi, ch. 3, p. 66(\u00a741)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org0dd288a\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org0dd288a\">30, 31<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org0dd288a\">\n<p> 7\uc870\uac00 \ud558\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 \ubc95\uce59\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc5ed\ucd94\ub860\uc740 \ud328\ud134 \ubc95\uce59\uc744 \uc5f0\uc7a5\ud55c\ub2e4\ub4e0\uac00 \uac19\uc740 \ud328\ud134\uc774 \ubc18\ubcf5\ud558\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc774\ub098 \uc0ac\ubb3c\uc758 \uc885\ub958\uc758 \ud655\uc7a5\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ub4f1\uac00\ubb3c\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4\ub2e4. \ub54c\ub54c\ub85c \ud6c4\uc790\uac00 \ub17c\ub9ac\ub97c \ucd94\ub860\ud558\ub294 \uc758\ubbf8\ub85c \uc4f0\uc778\ub2e4. \uccc9\ubc0d\ud0c0\uc624\ub294 \uc774\ub807\uac8c \uc37c\ub2e4: \uac70\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ubc18\ub300\ub418\ub294 \uc9dd\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4\ub2e4, \uc74c\uacfc \uc591, \uc120\uacfc \uc545\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uad50\uccb4\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc591\uae30\uac00 \ud65c\uae30\ub97c \ub744\uba74, \uc74c\uae30\ub294 \uc57d\ud574\uc9c4\ub2e4. \uc120\uc774 \uc99d\uac00\ud558\uba74, \uc545\uc774 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c4\ub2e4. \uc774\ub807\uac8c \ud328\ud134 \ubc95\uce59\uc740 \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud558\uac8c \uc801\uc6a9\ub41c\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ubc16\uc5d0\ub3c4:  \ubb34\uc5b8\uac00\ub97c \uc870\uc0ac\ud560 \ub54c \ud328\ud134\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub824\uba74, \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc5d0 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud604\uc0c1\uc744 \uba74\ubc00\ud788 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud574\uc57c\ud55c\ub2e4(\uc5f0\uc5ed\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\ubc95\uacfc \uadc0\ub0a9\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \ub458 \ub2e4 \ud574\uc57c\ud55c\ub2e4.). \ub9cc\uc57d \ud328\ud134\uc774 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ub418\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud55c\ucabd \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \uad6d\ud55c\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4\uba74, \uac19\uc740 \uc885\ub958 \uc548\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc0c1\ud669\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd94\ub860\uc774 \uc0dd\uae38 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub450 \uacfc\uc815\uc740(\uc5f0\uc5ed\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uadc0\ub0a9) \uccc9\uc544\uc774\ucd28\uc774 \uc5b8\uae09\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc5ec\uaca8\uc9c4\ub2e4.  \ud45c\uba74\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ubc30\uc6b0\uace0, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub0b4\ud3ec\ub41c \uc758\ubbf8\ub97c \uc7a1\uc73c\ub824\ub294 \ud589\uc704\ub294 \u2018\uc774\ud574\u2018\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud574\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub0b4\ud3ec\ub41c \uc758\ubbf8\ub97c \ucc3e\uace0 \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \ud45c\uba74\uc801\uc778 \uac83\ub4e4\uacfc \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \u2019\ud1b5\ud569\u2018\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7f4 \ub54c \uc774\ud574\uc640 \ud1b5\ud569\uc774 \ud558\ub098\uac00 \ub41c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uac80\uc99d \ub610\ub294 \ubb34\ud6a8\ud654\ud568\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud588\uc744 &#46468; \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc720\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354\uc774\uc0c1\uc740 \uad50\ud654\ub418\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubcf5\uc885\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\uc740 \ud56d\uc0c1 \ub9c9\uc5f0\ud558\uac8c\ub9cc \uc874\uc7ac\ud588\uace0, \uc911\uad6d \ud658\uacbd \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub09c \uac83\uc774 \ud615\uc131\ub418\uc5b4\uc11c \uc724\ub9ac\ud559\uacfc \uc0ac\ud68c\ud559\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc6b0\uc815\uc774 \uc778\uc2dd\uacfc \uc2e4\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\uc870\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ub17c\uc81c\ub294 \uc218\uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548 \ub17c\uc758\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. &#8216;\ud589\ub3d9\uc740 \uc27d\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc544\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc5b4\ub835\ub2e4&#8217;\ub77c\ub294 \ubb38\uad6c\uac00 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc138\uae30\ub3d9\uc548 \ud655\uc778\ub418\uace0 \ubcf4\ub958\ub418\uace0 \ub610\ub294 \uc218\uc815\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. 17\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uc655\ucd28\uc0e8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc740 \uc2e4\ud589\uc758 \uc2dc\uc791\uc774\uace0, \uc2e4\ud589\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc644\uc804\uccb4\ub2e4 \ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uc2e4 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ud615\uc774\uc0c1\ud559\uc801 \uc774\uc0c1\uc8fc\uc758 \ub610\ub294 \uc720\ubb3c\ub860\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ud604\uc7ac\uc758 \ucd94\uc138\uc640 \uc870\ud654\uc18d\uc5d0 \ubcc0\ud558\ub294 \uc9c8\ubb38\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ub9ce\uc740 \uc608\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\ubbf8 \uc774\ub807\uac8c \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 Mohists\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc655\ucda9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ube44\ud3c9\uc5d0\uc11c; <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgd4c7896\" class=\"outline-4\">\n<h4 id=\"orgd4c7896\">\uc218\uc815<\/h4>\n<div class=\"outline-text-4\" id=\"text-orgd4c7896\">\n<ul class=\"org-ul\">\n<li>\uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 \ubc95\uce59\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc5ed\ucd94\ub860\uc740 \ud328\ud134 \ubc95\uce59\uc744 \uc5f0\uc7a5\ud55c\ub2e4\ub4e0\uac00 \uac19\uc740 \ud328\ud134\uc774 \ubc18\ubcf5\ud558\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc774\ub098 \uc0ac\ubb3c\uc758 \uc885\ub958\uc758 \ud655\uc7a5\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ub4f1\uac00\ubb3c\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4\ub2e4: &lt;\uc218\uc815:\uac8c\ub2e4\uac00, \ubc95\uce59\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc5ed\ucd94\ub860\uc740 &#8216;\ud328\ud134 \ubc95\uce59\uc744 \uc5f0\uc7a5\ud558\ub294\uac83&#8217; \ub610\ub294 &#8216;\uac19\uc740 \ud328\ud134\uc774 \ubc18\ubcf5\ub418\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc774\ub098 \uc0ac\ubb3c\uc758 \uc885\ub958 \ud655\uc7a5&#8217; \uc548\uc5d0 \ub300\uc870\ubb3c\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4\uac83 \ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4.&gt;<\/li>\n<li>\ub450 \uacfc\uc815\uc740(\uc5f0\uc5ed\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uadc0\ub0a9) \uccc9\uc544\uc774\ucd28\uc774 \uc5b8\uae09\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc5ec\uaca8\uc9c4\ub2e4: &lt;\uc218\uc815: \ub450 \uacfc\uc815\uc740 (\uc5f0\uc5ed\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uadc0\ub0a9) \uc774 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc5d0\uc11c \uccc9\uc544\uc774\ucd28\uc774 \uc5b8\uae09\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.&gt;<\/li>\n<li>17\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uc655\ucd28\uc0e8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc740 \uc2e4\ud589\uc758 \uc2dc\uc791\uc774\uace0, \uc2e4\ud589\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc644\uc804\uccb4\ub2e4 \ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud558\uc600\ub2e4: &lt;\uc218\uc815: 17\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uc655\ucd28\uc0e8\uc740 &#8216;\uc9c0\uc2dd\uc740 \uc2e4\ucc9c\uc758 \uc2dc\uc791\uc774\uace0, \uc2e4\ucc9c\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc644\uc804\uccb4\ub2e4&#8217; \ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.&gt;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgc5e1584\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgc5e1584\">32<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgc5e1584\">\n<p> 13\uc870 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc810\uc740 \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c\ucc98\ub7fc \ub192\uc740 \uc815\uc2e0\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \ub300\ud45c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 Norman\uacfc Tartaglia\uc640 \ube44\uad50\ud574\uc11c \ub9ce\uc558\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uba70, \ub610\ud55c Grosseteste \uc640 Paduan \uc778 \uacfc \uad50\ub958\ud558\ub358 \uc911\uc138\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc778\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc720\ub7fd \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \uc2e0\uc720\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc744 \uac00\uae5d\uac8c \ubcfc\uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc88c\uc6b0\uac04 \ub300\ud45c\uc790\ub294 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \ub3d9\uc815\uc2ec\uc744 \uc5bb\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uc774\uc0c1\ud558\uac8c \ub300\uc870\ub418\ub294 \uadf8 \ub450\uac00\uc9c0 \uc9c4\uc220\uc740 \ub450 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc774 \ub354 \uacfc\ud559\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\uace0\ub97c \ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a8\ub2e4. Thomas Aquinas(1226-1274) \ub294 &#8216;\uac00\uc7a5 \ub192\uc740\uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc791\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc740 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud558\ucc2e\uc740\uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud48d\ubd80\ud55c \uc9c0\uc2dd\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \ub0ab\ub2e4&#8217; \ub97c \uc37c\ub2e4.\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 Chheng Ming-Tao(1032-1085)\ub294 \ubd88\uad50\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 &#8216;\uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \ub0ae\uc740 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacf5\ubd80\ub97c \ud558\uc9c0\uc54a\uace0 \ub192\uc740 \uac83\uc5d0\ub300\ud55c \uc774\ud574\ub9cc\uc744 \uace0\uc9d1\ud560\ub54c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ub192\uc740\uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\ud574\uac00 \uc62c\ubc14\ub974\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud560\uc218 \uc788\ub294\uac00&#8217; \ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 16\uc138\uae30\uc640 17\uc138\uae30 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ud604\ub300\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc740 \uae30\uc801\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc5ec\uc9c0\uac70\ub098 \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \ubaa8\ud638\ud558\uac8c\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc124\uba85\ub418\uc5b4 \uc9c4\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7f0 \ubc1c\uc804\ub4e4\uc740 \ud604\uc0c1\uc5d0 \uace0\ub9bd\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4, \uc885\uad50\uac1c\ud601, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc801 \ub300\ub7c9\uc0dd\uc0b0\uc774 \ub530\ub77c\uc624\ub294 \uc0c1\ub7fd\uc758 \uc790\ubcf8\uc8fc\uc758\uc640 \ud568\uaed8 \ubc1c\ub9de\ucd94\uc5b4 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orgbda0462\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orgbda0462\">33<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orgbda0462\">\n<p> 6\uc870\uac00 \ud560\uaed8\uc694:) <\/p>\n<p> \uc624\uc9c1 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \uc787\ub2ec\uc544 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub09c \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801\uc778 \ubcc0\ud654\ub294 \ub9c8\uce68\ub0b4 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uace0\ub3c4\uc758 \uc7a5\uc778, \uc989, \uc900\uc218\ud559\uc801\uae30\uc220\uc790\uc758 \uc704\uce58 \uc774\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc62c\ub77c\uc124 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ud658\uacbd\uc744 \ud615\uc131\ud588\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4(e). \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc9c8\uc758 \uc591\uc73c\ub85c\ub9cc \ubcc0\ud654, \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \uc774\uba74\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uc6d0\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud655\uc2e0, \uc804 \uc6b0\uc8fc\uc5d0 \uac78\uce5c \uade0\uc77c\ud55c \uc5c6\uaca0\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc22b\uc790\ub85c \uc9c8\ub85c \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uce21\ub7c9\uc73c\ub85c \uacc4\uc0b0\ub418\uace0 \uad50\ud658\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc5d0 \uad00\ud574 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ud48d\ubd80\ud55c \ud754\uc801\uc744 \ub0a8\uacbc\ub2e4. \ubcf5\uc2dd\ubd80\uae30 \uae30\uc220\uc758 \uccab\ubc88\uc9f8 \ud559\ubb38\uc801 \uacf5\uac1c\ub294 16c \ub9d0 \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uad50\uacfc\uc11c\uc778 Luca Pacioli\uc758 de Arithmetica(+1494)\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uacf5\uacf5 \uc7ac\uc815\uacfc \uc6b4\uc601 \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \ubcf5\uc2dd\ubd80\uae30\uac00 \ucc98\uc74c \uc801\uc6a9\ub41c \uac83\uc740 \uae30\uc220\uc218\ud559\uc790\uc778 Simon Stevin(+1608)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c\uc600\ub2e4. \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 Copernicus\ub3c4 (\uadf8\uc758 \ucc45 Monetae Cudendae Ratio of +1552) \uae08\uc735\uac1c\ud601\uc5d0 \uad00\ud574 \uc11c\uc220\ud588\ub2e4. Robert Recorde\uc758 \ucc45(Whetstone of Witte, +1557)\uc740 \ubaa8\uc2a4\ud06c\ubc14\ub85c \uac00\ub294 \uad00\ub8cc\ub4e4\uacfc \ud0d0\uc0ac\ub2e8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ubc14\uccd0\uc84c\ub294\ub370, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5ec\ud589\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc7ac\ud654\uac00 \uacc4\uc18d \uc99d\uac00\ud558\uae38 \ubc14\ub77c\ub294 \ub9c8\uc74c\uc5d0\uc11c\uc600\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<ul class=\"org-ul\">\n<li>(e) \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc758 \uc798 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uc2e4\ub840\ub294 Borkenau\uc758 \ucc45 R.K.Merton\uc758 \uc800\uc791 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 Hessen\uc758 \uc720\uba85\ud55c Essay(\ub274\ud134\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\uc5ec\uae08 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc8fc\uc81c\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud0d0\uad6c\uc5d0 \ub9e4\ub2ec\ub9ac\uac8c \ud588\ub358 \ub2f9\ub300\uc758 \uc9c0\uc801 \ubd84\uc704\uae30\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc800\uc791)\ub4f1\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uacac\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad00\uc810\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub294 Grossman, G. N. Clark, A. R. Hall \ub4f1 \ud0c4\ub3c4\ud559\uc758 \uc138\ubd80\uc0ac\ud56d\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uae4a\uc774 \uc788\uac8c \uc5f0\uad6c\ud588\ub358 \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ube44\ud310\uc774 \uc81c\uae30\ub41c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> 6\uc870\uac00 \ud560\uaed8\uc694:) <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org7a4d678\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org7a4d678\">34<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org7a4d678\">\n<p> Stevin\uc758 Disme\uc740 &#8216;\ubaa8\ub4e0 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc790, \uce21\ub7c9\uc790, \ud0dc\ud53c\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub9ac \uce58\uc218\ub97c \uc7ac\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c, \ubc30\uac00 \ub098\uc628 \uc0ac\ub098\uc774 \ub4f1\uacfc, \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc870\ud3d0\uad6d\uc7a5\uacfc \uc0c1\uc778\ub4e4, \ud589\uc6b4\uc744 \ube4c\uc5b4\uc694!(a)&#8217; \ub77c\ub294 \ub9d0\ub85c \uc2dc\uc791\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \ud6cc\ub96d\ud558\uace0 \ud5cc\uc2e0\uc801\uc778 \uc120\uad50\uc0ac\uc758 \uce5c\ucc99\uc740 Francesco Ricci\ub294 1659\ub144\uc5d0 Macerata\uc5d0\uc11c \ud68c\uacc4\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ucc45\uc744 \ucd9c\uac04\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7f0 \uc608\ub4e4\uc740 \ubb34\uc81c\ud55c \ub298\uc5b4\ub0a0 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc0c1\uc5c5\uacfc \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc740 \uc720\ub840\uc5c6\uc774 &#8216;\uc131\ud589\ud558\uace0&#8217; \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc544\ub9c8, \uadfc\ub300 \uacfc\ud559 \uae30\uc220\uacfc \uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uae30\uc6d0\uc778 \uc0ac\ud68c\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc0c1\ud669 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uad00\uacc4\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc758 \uac70\ub300\ud55c \ub17c\uc7c1\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ub098\uc911\uc5d0 \uadf8 \uc8fc\uc81c\ub97c \ub2e4\uc2dc \ud55c \ubc88 \uc5b8\uae09\ud558\uaca0\ub2e4(b). \ub18d\uacbd\uc0ac\ud68c\uc774\uba74\uc11c \uad00\ub8cc\uc0ac\ud68c\uc600\ub358 \uc911\uad6d\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \ubb38\uba85\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \uba38\uc9c0\uc54a\uc544 \uc11c\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub358 \uc0ac\uac74\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub2e8\uc11c\ub97c \uc904 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ub098\ub294 \uc0dd\uac01\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \ud6c4\uae30 \ub974\ub124\uc0c1\uc2a4 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc6d0\uc778\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc0ac\ud68c\uacbd\uc81c\ud559 \uc774\ub860\uc758 \ube44\ud310\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4, Korye\uc640 Cassirer\ub294 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uc218\ud559\uc758 \uc7ac\ubc1c\uacac\uacfc Platon\uacfc Pythagoras\uc758 \uc601\uac10 \uc544\ub798 \uace0\ubb34\ub41c \uc21c\uc218 \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc778 \ud48d\uc870\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c\ub2e4(d). \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \uc758\uc2ec\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0\uac00 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\ub2e4(e). \uadf8\uc758 \ub9d0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \uc0ac\ud68c\uacbd\uc81c\ud559 \uc639\ud638\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc801\uc778 \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uace0\ub824\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb \ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> (a) \uc774 \uc608\ub4e4\uc740 Zilsel\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> (b) \uc911\uad6d\uacfc \uc11c\uad6c\uc758 \uacfc\ud559\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce5c \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc778 \uc694\uc778\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub2e8\ub77d 48, 49\ub97c \ucc38\uc870\ud560 \uac83. <\/p>\n<p> (d) \uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \uadf8\ub294 \uac1c\uc778\ub4e4\uc774 \uac01\uc790 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\uc758 \uc774\uc775\uc744 \ucd94\uad6c\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \uacf5\uc801 \uc870\ud654\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\ub9ac\ub77c\ub294 \uc790\ubcf8\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc0dd\uac01\ub4e4\uc774 \uc6b0\uc5f0\ud788 \uad70\uc9d1\ud55c \uc6d0\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\uacc4\ub860\uc801 \uac1c\ub150\uacfc \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc77c\uce58\ud558\ub294\uc9c0 \uba85\ud655\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud588\ub2e4. Malyne\uc758 Lex Mercatoria \ub4f1\uc758 \ucc45\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ube44\uc720\uad00\uacc4\uac00 17C\uc5d0 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc758\uc2dd\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\ub294\uc9c0 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> (e) \uac1d\uad00\uc801 \ud604\uc2e4\uc744 \ubd80\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uac1c\uac1c\uc758 \uc0ac\ubb3c\uc744 \uace0\ub9bd\ub41c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ud588\ub358 \uc911\uc138\uc758 \uc720\uba85\ub860\uc758 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \ud559\ud30c\uc5d0\uc11c \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud750\ub984\uc774 \ubc1c\uacac\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uacfc \uc218\ud559\uc801, \uae30\uacc4\ub860\uc801 \uc138\uacc4\uad00 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc5f0\uad00\uc131\uc740 \uadf8 \ub3d9\uc548 \uacfc\uc18c\ud3c9\uac00\ub418\uc5c8\ub358 Conze\uc758 \ucc45\uc5d0\uc11c \uba85\ub8cc\ud654\ub41c\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-org7a534aa\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"org7a534aa\">35<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-org7a534aa\">\n<p> 2\uc870\uac00\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4:) <\/p>\n<p> \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ube44\uad50\ud560 \ub9cc\ud55c \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \uc0ac\uac74\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub290\ub0d0\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5a0\ud55c \uad00\uc810\uc774 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc120\ubc15\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc81c\uc870 \uae30\uc220, \uac70\ub300\ud55c \uc6b4\ud558 \uccb4\uacc4\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uc720\uccb4\uc815\uc5ed\ud559(\ub124\ub35c\ub780\ub4dc\uc640 \uac19\uc740), \ucd1d\uae30\ub958\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ud0c4\ub3c4\ud559(\uacb0\uad6d, \uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc720\ub7fd\ubcf4\ub2e4 4\uc138\uae30\ub098 \uc55e\uc11c \ud654\uc57d\uc744 \ubcf4\uc720\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4), \uad11\uc0b0\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ud38c\ud504 \uae30\uc220\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc744 \uac00\uc838\uc57c\ub9cc \ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uadf8\ub807\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub354\ub77c\uba74, \uadf8 \ub300\ub2f5\uc740 (\uc704\uc758 \uae30\uc220\ub4e4\uc758) \ud669\uc81c \uad00\ub8cc\uc8fc\uc758 \uc9c0\ubc30 \ud558\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc911\uad6d \uc0ac\ud68c\ub294 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uae30\uc220\ub4e4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uac70\uc758 \ud639\uc740 \uc804\ud600 \uc0ac\uc775\uc744 \uc5bb\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac83 \uc544\ub2cc\uac00? \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uae30\uc220\uacfc \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc740, \uc704\uc758 \u2018semi-mathematical&#8217; \uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b8\uae09\ub41c, \uc800\uc790\uc5d0 \uac00\uae4c\uc6b4 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \ucc45\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb18\uc0ac\ud588\ub4ef\uc774, \ub208\uc5d0 \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \ud070 \uc774\uc775\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc9c4\ucde8\uc801\uc778 \ud22c\uae30\uc801 \ubb34\uc5ed\uc0c1\uc778\uc758 \ucc3d\uc870\ubb3c\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc, \uad00\ub8cc\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc555\ubc15\uc774\ub098 \ud639\uc740 \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \ubcf4\ud638\uac10\ub3c5 \uc544\ub798 \uc218\uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \uc810\uc9c4\uc801 \uc131\uc7a5\uc758 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ubb3c\uc774\ub77c \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294, \ubaa8\ub450 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \u2019\uc804\ud1b5\uc801\u2018\uc778 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\ub97c \ubcf4\uc790\uba74, \ud558\ub298 \uc544\ub798 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \ub2f4\uc744 \uc5ed\ubc95\uc744 \ub0b4\ubcf4\uc5ec\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \ud0dc\uace0\uc758 \uad00\uc2b5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc911\uad6d \ud669\uc2e4\uc758 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud544\uc694\uc131\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uadf8 \uccb4\uacc4\ub97c \ud655\ub9bd\uc2dc\ud0a4\uace0\uc790 \ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub2e4\uc74c \uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\uaca0\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc740 \ubb34\uc2dc\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc218\uc900\uc758 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559\uc758 \uc790\ubc1c\uc801 \ubc1c\uc804\uc774 \uc790\uc5f0 \uacfc\ud559\uc758 \uc218\uc2dd\ud654\ub97c \uc57c\uae30\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uba74, \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc65c \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub294\uac00, \ud639\uc740 \uc65c \ubc8c\uc368 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc5c8\ub098 \uc54c\uc544\ubcf4\uae30\ub294 \uc5b4\ub835\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"outline-container-orge033b8e\" class=\"outline-3\">\n<h3 id=\"orge033b8e\">36<\/h3>\n<div class=\"outline-text-3\" id=\"text-orge033b8e\">\n<p> 3\uc870\ubc88\uc5ed \uc218\uc815\ud588\uc5b4\uc694~ <\/p>\n<p> \ub9cc\uc57d, \uadf8 \ud544\uc694\uc131\uc774 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ucef8\ub2e4\uba74, \uae30\uc874\uc758 \uc218\ud559\uc801 \uae30\ud638\ub4e4\uc758 \uacb0\ud569\uc744 \ud30c\uc5f4\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\uace0, \uadf8\ub9ac\ud558\uc5ec \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc720\ub7fd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub358 \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \ubc1c\uacac\ub4e4\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0c8 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\uac00 \uc5c6\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc558\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uadfc\ub300\uacfc\ud559\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0a0 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \uadf8\ub7f0 \uc6d0\ub3d9\ub825\uc740 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uc911\uad6d \uace0\uc720 \uc218\ud559\uc740 \uac70\uc758 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc838 \uac14\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c Mei Ku-Chheng\uacfc \uadf8\uc758 \ucd94\uc885\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc138\uc2ec\ud55c \ub178\ub825\uc774 \ubd80\ud65c\uc2dc\ucf30\ub358 \ud798\ub3c4 \ubd84\uba85 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n<p> \ub2e4\ub978 \ub9d0\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\uba74, \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc5b4\ub5a0\ud55c \uac15\ub82c\ud55c \uc694\uad6c\ub3c4 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0(\uc790\uc5f0\ubc95\uce59)\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uad00\uc2ec\uc774\ub098 \ub300\uc870\uad70\uacfc \uc2e4\ud5d8\uad70\uc774 \uc124\uc815\ub41c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc774 \ubd80\uc871\ud558\uc600\uc73c\uba70, \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801 \ucd94\ub860\uc740 \ubb3c\ub860, \uc77c\uc2dd, \uc6d4\uc2dd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc608\uce21\uacfc \ub0a0\uc9dc \uacc4\uc0b0(\ub2ec\ub825 \uc791\uc131) \uc5ed\uc2dc \ubd88\ucda9\ubd84\ud588\ub2e4. \ubd84\uba85\ud558\uac8c, \uc0c1\uc5c5\uc801 \ubb38\ud654\ub9cc\uc774 \ub18d\uacbd\ud589\uc815\ubb38\uba85(\ub18d\uacbd\uc0ac\ud68c)\uc774 \ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ud574 \ub0bc \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ubc14\ub85c, \uc774\uc804\uc5d0\ub294 \uc11c\ub85c \ubd84\ub9ac\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub358 \uc218\ud559\uacfc \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \uc735\ud569\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4 <\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ubc88\uc5ed\ud558\ub2e4\uac00 \uc911\uad6d\uc5b4 \uc74c\ub9cc \uc801\ud600\uc788\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0 \uac19\uc774 \ubc88\uc5ed\uc774 \ud798\ub4e0 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uc790\uc2e0\uc774 \ubc88\uc5ed\ud574 \uc62c\ub9b4 \uc7a5\uc18c\uc5d0 Q: \ub97c \uc4f0\uace0 \ubb38\uc758\ud558\uc138\uc694. (.\/) &#8221;&#8217;\ud45c\uc2dc\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uc808\uc740 \ub0b4(\uae40\uc601\uc6b1)\uac00 \uac80\ud1a0\ub97c \ub9c8\uce58\uace0 \uc218\uc815\ud55c \uc808\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc808\uc740 \uc77d\uc5b4\ubcf4\uae30\ub9cc \ud558\uace0 \ub2e4\uc2dc \ubc88\uc5ed\ud560 \ud544\uc694 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.&#8221;&#8217; &#8221;&#8217;\uac01 \uc870\ub294 \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc774 \ubc88\uc5ed\ud560 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc815\ud558\uace0, \uc774 \uacf3 \uac01 \uc808 \uc2dc\uc791\ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \uc870 \ubc88\ud638\ub97c \uc801\uc740 \ud6c4 \uadf8 \uc808\uc744 \ubc88\uc5ed\ud558\uba74 \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.&#8221;&#8217; &#8230; <a title=\"Needham&#8217;s Math and Sci in China and the West \ubc88\uc5ed 2007\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/2007\/12\/09\/needhams-math-and-sci-in-china-and-the-west-%eb%b2%88%ec%97%ad-2007\/\" aria-label=\"Needham&#8217;s Math and Sci in China and the West \ubc88\uc5ed 2007\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub354 \uc790\uc138\ud788 \uc54c\uc544\ubcf4\uc138\uc694\">\ub354 \uc77d\uae30<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3456","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"distributor_meta":false,"distributor_terms":false,"distributor_media":false,"distributor_original_site_name":"\uae40\uc601\uc6b1","distributor_original_site_url":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim","push-errors":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3456","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3456"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3456\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3457,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3456\/revisions\/3457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3456"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3456"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathematicians.korea.ac.kr\/ywkim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3456"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}